David Hume e le philophes optimiste francese:

Post ascoltar optimistas francese como
Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot, Jean Le Rond D'Alembert,
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, e alteres, David Hume scriberva
su "Essay on the Idea of a Perfect Commonwealth"
(Essayo sur le idea de un republica perfecte ["res
publica": latino pro "cosa public"]).  Ille habeva
suspiciciones que tal philosophos poterea causar
multe damno si illes designava un systema governmental
circum lor ideas sur le perfectibilitate del natura
human.

Hume admirava mechanismos de demora in un governamento
dividite.  In le seculo XVII, post lor expulsion
del espanioles, il non esseva clar qui governava
le hollandeses.  Assi, illes formava un governamento
ex le Provincias Unite de Nederland in le qual omne
provincias debeva approbar decisiones crucial como
le declaration del guerra.

Iste requirimento sovente habeva le effecto de
retardar
decisiones usque le crise immediate habeva
disapparite.  Il pare que Hume videva le virtute
de iste soveranitate diffuse, que sovente, ma non
sempre, poteva evitar decisiones precipitate serie.

Un ex le institutiones inspirate per le governamento
limitate de Hume es le senato del Statos Unite.
Iste corpore, minus representante que le camera
de diputatos, ha duo membros ex cata stato.  Primo
le parlamentos del statos eligeva iste senatores
federal, ma nunc omne le electorato del statos les
elige.

Le senato debe approbar ministros e judices federal
nominate per le presidente.  Illo anque debe ratificar
tractatos international del Statos Unite.  Illo
anque functiona como jurato quando le camera de
diputatos accusa un functionario public (judice
o mesmo le presidente) de conducta criminal.  Un
condemnation require duo tertios de su membros.

Le branca executive de nostre governamento federal
(o sia le presidente, su ministros, e lor personal),
ha le function de executar nostre leges federal,
e le presidente anque ha le poter de vetar un lege
del congresso.  Ma su veto pote esser nullificate
per duo tertios del membros de ambe cameras del
congresso.

Nostre branca judicial ha le poter de vetar
legislation
del congresso e actos contra le constitution del
executivo.  Le nove judices del corte supreme federal
ha le ultime jurisdiction in iste processo.

Infelicemente, nostre branca judicial ha un historia
de appoiar multe cosas mal, includente le sclavitute
in le Statos Unite e leges contra actos homosexual
a causa de pression politic per nostre christianos.
Ma nos ha habite un victoria importante recentemente
in nostre corte supreme quando illo nullificava
omne le leges contra le sodomia de nostre statos.

Le causa legal immediate de iste nullification
comenciava quando un agente de policia in Texas
invadeva le camera de dormir de duo homosexuales,
les videva in le acto de futuer, e les arrestava.
(Il pare que origine de iste invasion esseva un
vicino christian lore qui les odiava e qui demandava
un investigation per le policia de lor vita private.)

In despecto de iste victoria, il ha multe problemas
de discrimination racial, ethnic, economic, e social
in le Statos Unite.  Nostre societate es
fundamentalmente dividite a causa de illos, e il
es impossibile predicer le resolution de iste
conflictos in le futuro.  Ma nostre guerra cultural
continua.

---

David Hume and the optimistic French philosophes:

After hearing out French optimists like
Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot, Jean Le Rond D'Alembert,
Jean-Jacques Roussseau, and others, David Hume wrote
his "Essay on the Idea of a Perfect Commonwealth."
He was fearful that such theorists could cause a
lot of damage if they designed a system of government
around their ideas about the perfectibility of human
nature.

Hume admired delaying mechanisms in a divided
government.  In the Seventeenth Century, after their
expulsion of the Spanish, it was not clear who
governed
the Dutch, so they formed a government out of the
United Provinces of the Netherlands in which all
provinces would have to approve crucial decisions
such as declaring war.

This requirement often had the effect of delaying
decisions until the immediate crisis had disappeared.
It seems that Hume saw an advantage in this diffuse
sovereignty, which often, but not always, could
avoid sudden serious decisions.

One of the institutions inspired by Hume's limited
government is the United States Senate.  This body,
less representative than the House of Representatives,
has two members from each state.  At first the state
legislatures elected these federal senators, but
now the entire electorate of the states puts them
in office.

The senate has to approve ministers and federal
judges nominated by the president.  It also must
ratify international treaties joined by the United
States.  It also functions as a jury when the House
of Representatives accuses a public official (a
judge or even the president) of criminal conduct.
A conviction requires two-thirds of its members.

The executive branch of our federal government (that
is, the president, his ministers, and those working
under them) has the function of executing our federal
laws, and the president also has to power to veto
a law passed by our congress.  But his veto can
be overriden by two-thirds of the members of both
houses of our congress.

The judicial branch has the power of vetoing
congressional legislation and unconstitutional acts
by our executive branch.  New justices of our federal
supreme court have the ultimate jurisdiction in
this process.

Unfortunately, our judicial branch has a history
of supporting many bad things, including slavery
in the United States and laws against homosexual
acts because of political pressure from our
Christians.  But we have had an important victory
in our supreme court recently when it nullified
all the laws against sodomy in our states.

The immediate cause of this nullification started
when a policeman in Texas invaded the bedroom of
two gay guys, saw them while they were fucking,
and arrested them.  (It seems that the cause of
this invasive search was a Christian neighbor of
theirs who hated them and who demanded an
investigation
by the police of their private life.)

Despite this victory, there are many problems of
racial, ethnic, economic, and social discrimination
in the United States.  Our society is fundamentally
divided because of them, and it is impossible to
predict the future resolution of these conflicts.
But our cultural war continues.


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