Durante le ultime tertie del seculo XIX Europa explodeva con un forte developpamento economic a causa del Revolution Industrial, que continuava usque le prime annos del seculo XX. Iste progresso economic occurreva irregularmente con alternante periodos de acceleration e depression economic. Il es conveniente divider iste periodo in le prime e le secunde Revolutiones Industrial. Le prime revolution industrial originava in Anglaterra in le seculo XVIII con le mechanisation del industria textile e le invention del machina de vapor, e postea illo se extendeva al altere paises de Europa e de America, principalmente le Statos Unite. Con le evolution de technicas de mechanisation, un crescente numero de productos antea facite per artisanos nunc se faceva a melior mercato per processos industrial, e le artisanos qui anteriormente los faceva se trovava sin empleo. Illes e le population rural tunc debeva laborar in fabricas industrial, que apparentemente offerecia a illes un medio plus secur de ganiar se le vita. Durante le secunde Revolution Industrial, iste tendentias augmentava. Altere industrias comenciava lor evolution, specialmente le industria chimic, developpate principalmente per Germania. Un altere factor importante esseva le developpamento de nove formas de energia. Le uso del electricitate, que on poteva producer solmente per accumulatores electric in le prime parte del seculo XIX, se limitava al telegrapho. Ma con le invention del dynamo per Gramme in le ultime parte del seculo XIX, on poteva usar motores electric pro cata machina industrial, eliminante le necessitate de complicate e inefficiente systemas de transmission mechanic. Le progresso del industria chimic anque produceva meliorationes in le production del aciero e de altere alligatos metallic. Le construction de ferrovias anque esseva un factor potentissime in le developpamento economic del secunde Revolution Industrial. In le ultime parte del seculo XIX, le principal paises europee habeva completate lor retes ferroviari. Le construction de tunnels extendeva le rete ferroviari europee, unificante Francia, Switza, e Italia in un sol rete. Il anque habeva unes projectos spectacularissime, como le completion in Russia del ferrovia transiberian, un linea de unes 9.900 kilometros que attingeva Vladivostok in 1902. Le application del machina de vapor e postea del motor Diesel al propulsion de naves accelerava le progresso del navigation maritime, que deveniva plus secur con le invention del radiotelegraphia de Marconi. Durante iste periodo, 79% del tonnage de transporte correspondeva al commercio europee e 12% al commercio american. Le perfection de motores de explosion faceva practic le uso de automobiles como medio de transportation, e con illos veniva le expansion de un nove systema de autostratas, que faceva plus dense le rete de transportes in le paises industrialisate. Le invention del telephono faceva plus facile le communication instante electric e rapidemente ampliava retes de communication commercial e facilitava le consolidation de interprisas commercial. Le industria europee trovava nove consumitores in territorios colonial annexate a Europa durante le ultime decennios del seculo XIX. Inter iste imperios colonial, le plus grande esseva le Imperio Britannic. A causa de omne iste activitates, le valor del commercio international se duplicava in le prime decennios del seculo XX. Durante iste periodo, le paises europee dominava le commercio international. Quando le Prime Guerra Mundial comenciava in 1914, 65% del valor total del exportationes mundial originava in paises europee. Ma le commercio american expandeva de 12% del total mundial a 39%. Iste commercio comenciava con condimentos e altere productos del colonias europee e de Europa mesme. Ma quando le seculo XX comenciava, le importation de minerales e altere materias prime deveniva plus importante. Durante le prime periodo del Revolution Industrial, le paises europee exportava principalmente articulos de consumption. Ma postea deveniva plus importante le exportation de machineria pro le construction de ferrovias e de fabricas in altere paises que se industrialisava. (Ex "Interlingua in Interlingua", [curso], Capitulo X <http://www.geocities.com.hkyson>)) --- During the last third of the nineteenth century, economic development in Europe exploded because of the Industrial Revolution, which continued up to the first years of the twentieth century. This economic progress occurred irregularly with alternating periods of economic boom and bust. It is convenient to divide this period into the first and second industrial revolutions. The first industrial revolution originated in England in the eighteenth century with the mechanization of the textile industry and the invention of the steam engine. Afterwards it extended outward to other countries in Europe and America--principally the United States. With the evolution of techniques of mechanization, a growing number of products formerly made by artisans were now manufactured more cheaply by industrial processes, and the artisans that previously made them were without work. Along with them, the rural population then had to work in industrial factories, which apparently offered them a more secure way of earning a living. During the second industrial revolution, these tendencies increased. Other industries started evolving, especially the chemical industry, principally the result of efforts by the Germans. Another important factor was the development of new forms of energy. The use of electricity, which could be produced only by batteries in the first part of the nineteenth century, was limited to telegraphy. But with the invention of the dynamo by Gramme in the last part of the nineteenth century, electric motors could be used to power industrial machines, eliminating the need for complicated and inefficient systems of mechanical transmission. Progress in the chemical industry also produced improvements in the production of steel and other alloys. The construction of railroads was also a very powerful factor in the economic development of the second industrial revolution. In the last part of the nineteenth century, the principal European countries had finished their railroad networks. The construction of tunnels extended the European rail network, unifying France, Switzerland, and Italy in a single network. There were also some very spectacular projects, such as the completion in Russia of the Transiberian Railway, a line about 6,140 miles long that reached Vladivostok in 1902. Applying steam and later diesel engines to the propulsion of ships accelerated the progress of maritime navigation, which became more secure with the invention of radiotelegraphy by Marconi. During this period, 79% and 12% of all transport tonnage were the result of European commerce and American commerce, respectively. The perfection of the internal-combustion engine made automobiles practical as a means of transport, and with them came an explosion of a new system of roads, making even more dense the transport network in industrialized countries. The invention of the telephone made instant electric communication much easier and rapidly expanded commercial communication networks, faciliting mergers of commercial enterprises. European industry found new consumers in colonial territories annexed to Europe during the last decades of the nineteenth century. Among these colonial empires, the largest was the British empire. Because of all these activities, the value of international commerce doubled in the first decades of the twentieth century. During this period, the European countries dominated international commerce. When the First World War started in 1914, 65% of the total value of world exports originated in European countries. But American commerce expanded from 12% of the world total to 39%. This commerce started with condiments and other products from European colonies and from Europe itself. But at the beginning of the twentieth century, the importation of minerals and other raw materials became more prominent. During the first period of of the Industrial Revolution, European countries exported principally articles for consumption. Afterward, however, exporting railroad and factory-construction machinery to newly industrializing countries became more important. .............................. Como promover usar le Rete e su ressources bibliographic public pro incoragiar le uso expandite de interlingua: Le dialogos e exercitios de mi curso de conversation <http://conversationininterlinuga.blogspot.com> es un ressource bibliographic public como "Interlingua in interlingua" <http://www.geocities.com/hkyson> e le textos in interlingua de Wikipedia. Imitante le philosophia de Wikipedia sur le uso de ressources bibliographic public, vos pote rediger iste textos como vos vole, forsan combinante los con altere simile ressources, pro publication ubicunque in le Rete. Un maniera excellente de apprender interlingua vermente ben es compilar vostre proprie anthologia ex su ressources public, scriber vostre proprie presentation del grammatica de interlingua, e publicar vostre effortios in le Rete pro le uso de alteres. --- Si vos es un studente del anglese, io spera que le textos in interlingua e anglese que io presenta in iste sito vos adjuvara in vostre studios. Vos anque pote adjuvar studentes de vostre lingua native si vos presenta simile textos bilingue in iste sito. Vos anque pote imprimer textos in un tertie lingua, preparar un version de illos in interlingua, e finalmente preparar un version de illos in vostre lingua native. Tal presentationes demonstra fortemente le avantages de interlingua como lingua ponte e presentara ressources multo utile pro studentes del prime lingua de tal textos trilingue e de vostre lingua native. __________________________________ Do you Yahoo!? Free Pop-Up Blocker - Get it now http://companion.yahoo.com/