--------------------------------- da[980531] ab[Allan Kiviaho] su[Grammatica: Parolas composite] --------------------------------- Car amicos interlinguistas! Como io ha scribite anteriormente, le prepositiones in Interlingua e in altere linguas romanic son difficile pro personas qui ha un lingua non-romanic como lingua maternal. Un altere problema remarcabile es lo de parolas composite. Como re le prepositiones etiam re le parolas composite le "Interlingua Grammar" de Gode & Blair es minus que satisfactori: § 155.II. - The term COMPOUNDING is here used to refer to word building by the combination of one word and a prefix or two full-fledged words. In either case the prefixed portion of the compound modifies the second element which determines the part of speech of the resulting formation. Note that the second element often establishes itself as representing a given part of speech only through the compounding process. E.g. in rehabilitar 'to rehabilitate', the prefix seems to modify a verb habilitar 'to habilitate' but it actually establishes itself directly on the basis of habile 'able'. In the following surveys this phenomenon has been considered normal and therefore not in need of special comment. ... § 159. II.B. - Compounds which result from the COMBINATION OF TWO FULL-FLEDGED WORDS are formed either by simple juxtaposition - as illustrated by English 'teapot', 'thunderstorm', 'goose flesh', -------------------------------------------------- QUESTION 1 Allan Kiviaho: Es il permittite de formar parolas composite per juxtaposition in Interlingua, como 'potto the', 'tempesta tonitro', 'carne oca'? secundo le exemplos anglese supra? Compara con Question 1. -------------------------------------------------- etc. - or involve the use of a compounding feature - e.g. 'cylindr-o-cellular', 'man-i-cure', etc. Interlingua lacks the unlimited possibility of active compounding by simple juxtaposition which is characteristic (although not a distinctive feature) of the Teutonic languages. -------------------------------------------------- QUESTION 2 Allan Kiviaho: Bon, bon, bon ...! Es il permittite in Interlingua a formar parolas composite per juxtapositiones simple, benque "limitate", o es il prohibite totalmente? Si permittite limitatemente", qual son le "limites"? Compara con Question 1. -------------------------------------------------- Among the expressive devices avaílable in Interlingua as complements of its compounding system, the following are to be noted: (a) English compounds often correspond to Interlingua suffix formations. 'milkman' lactero 'pigsty' porchiera etc. (b) English compounds correspond very frequently to Interlingua prepositional phrases. The choice of the preposition permits often a clear statement of the relationship between the elements which in English is left to context and common sense. E.g.: It is not the words 'seaman' and 'milkman' which tell us that the latter does not sail on milk and thet the former does not sell sea water. 'bus station' station de omnibus 'chamber music' musica de camera ... 'handbag' sacco a mano etc. (c) In numerous instances English compounds are best rendered in Interlingua by nouns modified by adjectives. 'sunlight' lumine solar 'redskin' pelle rubie 'tearpit' sacco lacrimal 'blood vessel' vaso sanguinari § 29. PROPER NOUNS functioning in English as adjectives - as e.g. in 'Diesel engine', 'Geiger counter', etc. - remain unmodified proper nouns in the Interlingua and are preceded by the noun they qualify in English. The pattern used is that followed in English in the case of titles: Doctor Diesel, Professor Diesel, engine Diesel; etc. The proper names take no plural -s. 'Geiger counter(s)' contator Geiger, contatores Geiger 'Diesel engine(s)' motor Diesel, motores Diesel 'Roentgen rays' radios Röntgen 'Heaviside layer' strato Heaviside § 30. There is a very free use of APPOSITION with one member often corresponding to an English noun with adjectival functions. foresta virgine 'virgin forest' arbore nano 'dwarf tree' wagon restaurante 'dining car' nave domo 'house boat' homine machina 'human machine' -------------------------------------------------- QUESTION 3 Allan Kiviaho: Qual es le differentia grammatic inter le parolas 'goose flesh' (§ 159. II.B. - Compounds which result from the COMBINATION OF TWO FULL-FLEDGED WORDS are formed by simple juxtaposition - as illustrated by English ... 'goose flesh', *** sed sed sed *** ... Interlingua lacks the unlimited possibility of active compounding by simple juxtaposition which is characteristic (although not a distinctive feature) of the Teutonic languages ... e 'house boat' (§ 30. There is a very free use of APPOSITION with one member often corresponding to an English noun with adjectival functions.)? x x x x x x x Io pensa que il ha hic un conflicto de logica. Mi interpretation es: (1) Interlingua care le possibilitate illimitate de componer parolas per juxtaposition simple (§ 159. II.B.) (2) Ma nulle problema - "nyamo problema" in bulgaro - Interlingua ha "un uso multo liberal de APPOSITION" (§ 30.). Alas! Le uso illimitate de juxtapositiones simple es permittite - si nos los appella "apposition". Consentite? -------------------------------------------------- The use of apposition is very frequent with nouns and agents and the like which thus become indistinguishable from adjectives. mi amico mazdaista 'my Mazdaist friend' apparator generator 'generating device' uxor puera 'child wife' In the plural the appositive may take an -s. Without it the appositive is more clearly adjectival. One would say: uxores pueras, but apparatos generator, forestas virgine etc. When the appositive has distinct forms for male and female, their use is governed by the fact of sex. mi amico cantator e mi amica cantatrice 'my singer friend (masc.) and my singer friend (fem.)' Salutante, vostre Allanus Grammaticus