Alexander Gode and Hugh E. Blair
Interlingua: a grammar of the international language
New York, Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1955 (2nd edition)
ISBN 0-8044-0186-1
(summarized extracts)
Grammatical Words. , Personal Pronouns, Alternative Comparisons., Verbs., Numerals., Word Building.
GRAMMATICAL WORDS, section 134, pages 51-55:
a: to; at
ab: (prep) since, from
alias: otherwise, in another manner; alias; at another time
alibi: elsewhere
ali(c)-: any-, some-
alicubi: somewhere; anywhere
alicun: some, any; a few; alicun cosa: something, anything
alicuno: someone, somebody; anyone, anybody
aliquando: sometime; at any time
aliquanto: somewhat, to some degree
alique: (pron) something, anything; (adv) somewhat
alora: then; in that case, consequently
alto: top; in alto: up; upwards; upstairs; on top
ambe: (adj) both; ambes: (pron) both
an: (inter part) --; an il habe le libro?: has he the book?;
(conj) whether
ancora: (adv) still, yet; (interj) encore
anque: also, too; anque io: me too; non solo ... ma anque:
not only ... but also
ante: (prep) before, in front of; earlier than; above; (adv) before,
ahead; earlier; forward; ante que: before
ante-heri: day before yesterday
a pena: hardly, scarcely
apud: near, with, at, by
assatis: (adv) enough; rather, fairly, quite
assi: thus, so; assi ... como: as ... as
avante: before, in front, ahead; forward
basso: bottom; a basso: down, downward; in basso: down, below,
downward; downstairs
bastante: (adj) enough, sufficient; (adv) enough, sufficiently
ben que: although
bis: twice; encore
cata: (adj) each; cata uno: each (one)
causa: cause; a causa de: because of
certo: certainly
circa: around, about; approximately
como: how; as, like; como si: as though, as if
comocunque: however, in whatever way
con: with, together with; by means of
concernante: concerning
contra: (prep) opposite, facing; against; (adv) opposite, facing;
on the contrary
cuje: whose
-cunque: -ever
de: from, since; of, belonging to; made of; with, by means of;
de (+inf): to
deman: tomorrow; deman matino: tomorrow morning;
deman vespere: tomorrow night
depost: (adv) afterwards, later; (prep) after, since;
depost que: since, from the time that
desde: (prep) since, from
dum: while, as long as; until; provided that, if only
dunque: therefore
durante: during; durante que: while, whilst
e: and; e ... e: both ... and
ecce: lo!, see!, behold!; here is, here are
ergo: therefore, accordingly, consequently, then, ergo
esque: (inter part) esque ille ha le libro?: has he the book?
et cetera, etc.: and so forth, and so on, et cetera, etc.
etiam: also, likewise, too; even, even yet, yet;
non solmente ... sed etiam: not only ... but also
ex: out of, from
excepte: except, excepting
extra: adv) without, on the outside; besides, in addition, extra;
(prep) outside of, without, beyond; except, excepting;
besides, in addition to
foras: (adv) out of doors, outside, out; from without;
(prep) beyond, except; foras de: outside of, without;
foras de se: beside oneself
forsan: perhaps, maybe
gratis: gratis, free of charge
haber: to have; il ha: there is, there are
heri: yesterday
hic: here; de hic a (un hora): (an hour) from now; usque (a) hic:
up to here, thus far; up to now, hitherto; hic juncte: herewith
hodie: today
ibi: there
ibidem: in the same place; ibidem; ibid.; ib.
idem: the same (thing); idem; id.
igitur: (adv/conj) then, therefore, thereupon
il: (impers pron) it
illa: she, her
illac: there
ille: he, it; him; that, the former
illes: they; them
illo: it
in: in, into
infra: (adv) below, underneath, beneath; (prep) below, under, beneath
insimul: together
inter: between, among
interim: meanwhile, in the meantime
intertanto: meanwhile, in the meantime
intra: (adv/prep) within
intro: inwardly, internally, on the inside, in
io: I
ipse: myself, yourself, himself, etc.; hodie ipse: this very day
iste: this, the latter
ita: thus, so; just so, yes; and so, consequently; accordingly
jam: already, at once, right away; just now, a moment ago;
indeed, surely; non ... jam: no longer
jammais: ever, at any time; non ... jammais: never; jammais!: never!
justo: just, exactly; justo nunc, justo ora: just now, right now
juxta: (adv) near, near by; (prep) near, near to, next to
la: her
le: (art) the
le: (pron) him
les: them
lo: it; lo que: that which, what
loco: place; in loco de: instead of; in su loco: instead
longe: far; away, far away; de longe: from afar, from a distance
lontan: distant, far-off
lor: their
lore: their
ma: but; no solo ... ma anque: not only ... but also
malgrado: in spite of
maniera: manner, way; de maniera que: so that
me: me
melio: (adv) better; tanto melio: so much the better
melior: (adj) better; le melior: the best
mesme: same; myself, yourself, himself, etc. (as in "the king himself")
mesmo: likewise; even; hodie memso: this very day; ora mesmo: right now
mi: my
mie: mine
minus: less; minus; a minus que: unless; al minus: at least;
totos minus ille: all but him; le minus: the least
multo: very; much
nam: for
nemo: no one, nobody
ni: neither, no, also not
nihil, nil: nothing
nimie: (adj) too much, too many
nimis: (adv) too, too much
no: (adv) no
non: not; no; si non: if not; except; unless it be
nondum: not yet
nonne: (inter part) is it not?; il es ver, nonne?: it is true, isn't it?
nonobstante: (prep) despite, in spite of; (adv) nevertheless
nos: us, we
nostre: our, ours
nulle: (adj) not any, no; null, worthless, without legal force
nullemente: in no way, not at all
nunc: now
nunquam: never
nusquam: nowhere
o: or; o ... o: either ... or
olim: once, formerly; at a future time, sometime (in the future)
omne: (adj) all; each, every; de omne mano: from every hand;
de omne latere: from every side; in omne caso: in any case;
omne cosa: everything; omnes: (pron) all
on: one
ora: now
parte: part; a parte: apart, aside; in parte: in part; del parte de:
on the part of; de parte a parte: through and through;
in nulle parte: nowhere
passato: ago
pauc: (adj) little, not much; few; un pauc (de): a little;
pauc a pauc: little by little; in pauc: shortly, before long
pauco: (adv) little
per: through; during, throughout; by, through, by means of; per
perque: (adv/conj) why; because
plus: more; plus; le plus: the most; de plus: furthermore, besides;
de plus in plus: more and more; in plus: furthermore, in addition,
also; al plus: at best; plus o minus: more or less; non ... plus:
no more; no longer
pois: (adv) afterwards, thereafter; (conj) for; pois que: since,
as, because
post: (adv) behind, back, backwards; afterwards, after; (prep) behind;
after; post que: since, because
postea: afterwards, thereafter
postquam: (conj) after; as soon as
potius: rather, sooner
presso: (adv/prep) near, close; a presso de: at the home of; in care of;
with, among
presto: presto, quickly, quick as a wink
preter: (adv) past, beyond; (prep) past, along, alongside of;
beyond; except, excepting; in addition to
pridem: long ago
pro: for, in favor of; in exchange for, in place of;
pro (+inf): (in order) to
proque: (adv/conj) why; because
qual: which; what; le qual: which; that; who
qualcunque: any, whatever
quando: (adv/conj) when
quandocunque: whenever
quante: (and) how much, how many
quanto: (adv) as much as; as far as; quanto ... tanto: the ... the;
quanto a: as for
quare: wherefore, why
quasi: almost, nearly; in a certain sense, in a way; quasi que: as if
que: (interr pron) what; (rel pron) who, whom, which, that
qui: who, whom; de qui: whose
quia: because, for
quicunque: whoever, whomever, whosoever
quo: (adv) whither, where; wherefore; (conj) so that, in order that
re: about, concerning
retro: back, backwards; ago; a retro: backwards
salvo: save, but, but for; salvo que: save that, but that
satis: enough; rather, somewhat; esser satis: to be enough;
haber satis: to have enough; satis de (tempore, etc.):
enough (time, etc.)
se: (refl pron) himself; herself; itself; themselves
secundo: (prep) (following) after; along, by; according to;
secundo que: according as
sed: but
semper: always
si: (adv) thus, so; yes; si ... como: as ... as
si: (conj) if; whether; si non: if not; except, unless it be
sia: be, may be, let there be; sia ... sia: be (it) ... or be (it);
whether ... or; qual que sia: whatever, whatsoever
sin: (prep) without
sol: (adj) sole, alone, only; viver sol: to live alone;
sentir se sol: to feel lonesome, lonely
solo: (adv) only, merely; non solo ... ma anque: not only ... but also
su: his, her, its
sub: (prep) under, below, beneath
subinde: immediately after, just after, forthwith; repeatedly,
frequently, often, from time to time
subito: suddenly, unexpectedly
subtus: (adv) below, beneath, underneath
sue: his, hers, its
super: (prep) on, upon; on top of; over, above; about, concerning, on;
(adv) above, on top; super toto: above all
supra: (prep) above, over; (adv) on the top, above
sur: on, upon; on top of
tal: such, such a; tal e tal: such and such
talmente: (adv) so; un libro talmente belle: so beautiful a book,
such a beautiful book
tamen: yet, however, nevertheless, notwithstanding
tante: (adj) so much, so many; tante per cento: so much per hundred,
percentage; tante ... como: as much, as many ... as
tanto: (adv) so, so much; tanto ... como: as much ... as; in tanto que:
inasmuch as; tanto plus ... que: all the more ... that;
quanto ... tanto: the ... the
tarde: (adv) late; plus tarde: later; later on; al plus tarde:
at the latest
te: you, thee; yourself, thyself
tosto: presently, soon, promptly; plus tosto: rather, sooner;
si tosto que: as soon as
tote: (adj) all; every, each; tote le (homines): all (men);
totos: all, everyone; de tote (le) corde: wholeheartedly;
tote (le) duo: both
totevia: yet, still, nevertheless
toto: (n) all, everything; le toto: the whole; super toto: above all;
ante toto: before all; post toto: after all; del toto: at all;
in toto: entirely, wholely, in toto
toto: (adv) all, quite, wholely
trans: across, over, beyond, on the farther side of
troppo: too, too much; troppo (de) (libros, etc.): too many (books, etc.);
troppo (de) (aqua, etc.): too much (water, etc.); de troppo:
superfluous, in the way, de trop
tu: your, thy
tue: yours, thine
tunc: then
ubi: (adv) where; (conj) where; when; as soon as; wherewith; in which;
a ubi: where, whither; de ubi: from where, whence
ubicunque: wherever
ubique: everywhere; anywhere, wheresoever, wherever
ultra: (adv) on the other side, beyond, farther; (prep) on the farther
side of; beyond, past; besides; ultra illo: besides, moreover;
ultra que: aside from the fact that
un: a, an; le un le altere: on another, each other; le unes les
alteres: one another, each other
uno: (indef pron) one
unquam: ever, at any time
usquam: somewhere
usque: (prep) (all the way up) to, up to; till, until;
usque nunc: up to now
verso: towards, to
via: (adv) away; off; via!: go away!, begone!; (prep) by way of, via
vice: (n) turn, stead; time (as in "three times"); alicun vices:
sometimes; un vice: once; on one occasion; formerly; un vice que:
once, once that; in vice de: instead of; a vices: at times;
altere vice: a second time; plure vices: several times, repeatedly
viste: considering; viste que: considering that
voluntarie: willingly, readily, gladly, with pleasure
vos: you; yourself, yourselves
vostre: your, yours
ya: (adv) indeed, certainly, of course; ya (io lo crede):
(I) do (believe it)
PERSONAL PRONOUNS, section 54, page 21:
OBJ POSS POSS
SUBJ PREP OBJ REFL ADJ PRON
1p sg io ......me...... mi mie
2p sg tu ......te...... tu tue
3p sg m ille......... le se su sue
3p sg f illa......... la se su sue
3p sg n illo, il..... lo se su sue
1p pl nos..................... nostre.....
2p pl vos..................... vostre.....
2p pl m illes........ les se lor lore
2p pl f illas........ las se lor lore
2p pl s illos........ los se lor lore
on uno..........................
ALTERNATIVE COMPARISONS, section 37, pages 14f:
parve : plus parve : le plus parve
minor : le minor
minime
small : smaller/least : smallest/least
magne : plus magne : le plus magne
major : le major
maxime
great : greater : greatest
bon : plus bon : le plus bon
melior : le melior
optime
good : better : best
mal : plus mal : le plus mal
pejor : le pejor
pessime
bad : worse : worst
VERBS, sections 80ff, pages 29ff: model: | -ar -er -ir --------------------+------------------------------------------------- INFINITIVE | crear vider audir PRESENT PARTICIPLE | creante vidente audiente PAST PARTICIPLE | create vidite audite IMPERATIVE | crea! vide! audi! PRESENT | crea vide audi PAST | creava videva audiva PRESENT PERFECT | ha create ha vidite ha audite PAST PERFECT | habeva create habeva vidite habeva audite FUTURE | creara videra audira FUTURE PERFECT | habera create habera vidite habera audite CONDITIONAL | crearea viderea audirea CONDITIONAL PERFECT | haberea create haberea vidite haberea audite Passives are formed from the corresponding tenses of ESSER plus past participle. The following alternative forms are available: es = esse (singular/plural) son = esse (plural) era = esseva sia = esse (optional irregular subjunctive) ha = habe va = vade
NUMERALS, sections 118ff, pages 42ff: 0 zero 1 un 10 dece 2 duo 20 vinti 3 tres 30 trenta 4 quatro 40 quaranta 5 cinque 50 cinquanta 6 sex 60 sexanta 7 septe 70 septanta 8 octo 80 octanta 9 nove 90 novanta cento 100 Comma for decimal point. mille 1.000 million 1.000.000 -illion/-illiardo de cosas. milliardo 1.000.000.000 ^^ billion 1.000.000.000.000 billiardo 1.000.000.000.000.000 trillion 1.000.000.000.000.000.000 trilliardo 1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000 quatrillion 1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000 quatrilliardo 1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000 quintillion 1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000 quintilliardo 1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000 1me prime= + -esime 2nde secunde 3tie tertie half = medie / medietate 4te quarte 5te quinte adverbial numerals: ordinal -e > -o 6te sexte 7me septime 8ve octave 9ne none 10me decime last ultime simple simple / simplice double duple / duplice triple triple / triplice quadruple quadruple quintuple quintuple sixfold sextuple sevenfold septuple eightfold octuple ninefold nonuple tenfold decuple 100fold centuple
WORD BUILDING, sections 135ff, pages 56ff
(Summary; examples and some notes omitted.)
(Note: use of the mark ' for pronunciation indicates
(a stress on the vowel or syllable preceding the mark.)
Nouns derived from Nouns
------------------------
-ada 1. 'product made from ...'; 2. 'series of ...'
-age (pronun. -aje) 'collection of ...' (Note: -agi- before
-a- or -o- of additional suffix)
-alia 'worthless collection of ...'
-ano 1. 'native, citizen, or inhabitant of ....'; 2. 'language of ...';
3. 'adherent or follower of ...' (fem. -ana in senses 1,3)
(Note: used with names of places and persons. In the case of
place names not ending in -a or -o as also of all names of
persons, the euphonic variant -iano is to be preferred.)
-ario I. 'person concerned with or characterized by ...';
II. 1. 'collection of ...'; 2. 'place containing ...'
-astro 1. 'inferior or worthless ...'; 2. 'related through remarriage
of a parent' (fem. -astra)
-ata 'contents of or quantity contained in one ...'
-ato 'function, status, rank, jurisdiction, period of office, or
territory of a ...'
-eria (pronun. -eri'a) 1. 'place where ... is made, worked, kept,
or sold'; 2. 'art, craft, trade, or practice of working with
...'; 3. 'behavior of a ... or like that of a ...'
-ero 'one who works with or deals in ...'
-ese 1. 'native, citizen, or inhabitant of ...'; 2. 'language of ...'
-essa 1. 'female ...'; 2. 'wife of a ...'
-eto 'grove of ... trees'
-etto, -etta 'little, small, or minor ...'
-ia (pronun. -'ia) 'country, province, or region of the ...s, or
named for' (Note: used with names of peoples and persons.)
-ia (pronun. -i'a) 1. 'state, quality, status, or jurisdiction of
(a, an) ...' 2. 'art, science, or practice, also profession,
establishment, etc. of (a, an) ...' (Note: used mostly with
compounds.)
-ica 'science or study of the ...'
-ico 'one skilled in the art or science of ...'
-iera 1. 'that which contains, covers, or protects ...';
2. 'field, mine, quarry, etc. where ... grows or is found'
-iero 'tree, bush, plant, etc. bearing or producing ...'
-il 'place where ...s are kept' (Note: used with names of animals.)
-ina 'substance made from, characterizing, related to, etc. ...'
(Note: used mostly as technical [chemical] suffix.)
-ismo 1. 'state or practice of being a ...'; 2. [Med.] ' abnormal
condition resulting from excess of ...'; 3. 'doctrine or practice
of, or concerned with ...'; 4. 'something characteristic of ...,
or of the language of ...'
-ista 1. 'one who practices the art or science of ...'; 2. 'adherent
of the doctrine of...'
-ita 1. 'inhabitant, citizen, or native of ...'; 2. 'member, adherent,
or partisan of'
-ite 'rock or other mineral containing ..., resembling ...,
characterized by ..., related to ...' (Note: used mostly in
technical [mineralogical] terms.)
-itis 'inflammatory disease of the ...' (Note: used with names of
parts of the body, chiefly in technical [medical] term.)
-oide 'something like, or shaped like ...'
-osis 'abnormal or diseased condition, state, or process of the ...,
caused by ..., characterized by ..., etc.' (Note: used chiefly
in technical [medical] words.)
Adjectives derived from Nouns
-----------------------------
-al 'pertaining to ..., characteristic of ..., etc.'
-an 'pertaining to ...'; esp. 'native of ...' (Note: used with names
of places and persons. In the case of place names not ending in
-a or -o as also of all names of persons, the euphonic variant
-ian is to be preferred.)
-ari 'pertaining to ..., consisting of ..., etc.'
-ate 'having a .... or ...s'
-esc 1. 'like, similar to, or characteristic of a ...'; 2. 'in the
manner or style of ...'
-ese 'pertaining to'; esp. 'native to ..., of ...' (Note: used with
names of places.)
-ic 'of, pertaining to ..., characterized by ...'
-ifere 'bearing, producing, yielding'
-ific 'making, causing ...'
-in 'of, pertaining to, etc., ...' (Note: used particularly with
names of animals.)
-ista pertaining to ...ism or ...ists' (Note: not distinct from
nouns in apposition.)
-oide 'like ..., shaped like ...' (Note: used chiefly in technical
term.)
-ose 'having, abounding in ..., characterized by' (Note: -ion plus
-ose > -iose.)
-otic 'pertaining to ...osis'
Verbs derived from Nouns and Adjectives
---------------------------------------
-ar 1. 'to make use of ....; to apply, give, etc. ...';
2. 'to render ..., to make ..., etc.'
-ificar 'to make, render ...; to convert into ...'
-isar 1. 'to make into ...'; 2. 'to apply ...; to make use (of the
principles) of ..., etc.'; 3. 'to render ..., to make'
Nouns derived from Adjectives
-----------------------------
-essa 'state or quality of being ...'
-ia (pronun. -'ia) 'state or quality of being ...' (Note: used
chiefly with adjectives in -nte.)
-ia (pronun. -i'a) 'state or quality of being ...' (Note: used
chiefly with technical compounds.)
-ismo 1. 'state or quality of being ...'; 2. 'doctrine or practice
concerned with what is ...'; 3. 'something characteristic of
the ... people or their language'
-ista 'adherent of the doctrine or practice concerned with what
is ...'
-itate 'state or quality of being ...' (Note: synonym of -itude,
but preferred when the base is already a derivative.)
-idude 'state or quality of being ...'
Adjectives derived from Adjectives
----------------------------------
-ette 'somewhat ...; pretty ...'
Derivations from Verbs
----------------------
-ada n 'continued or prolonged action of ...ing'
-age n 'action or process of ...ing'
-eria n 1. 'place where ... is done'; 2. 'art, craft, trade, or
practice of ...ing; also: the product of such work'
-amento, -imento n 'action or result of ...ing'
-ante, -ente, iente adj '...ing, that ...s' (Note: identical with
present participle.)
-ante, -ente, -iente n 'one who or that which is ...ing or ...s'
-antia, -entia, -ientia n 'state or quality of ...ing'
-abile, -ibile adj 'that can be ...ed; that is worthy to be ...ed'
-ation, -ition n 'action or result of ...ing'
-ative, -itive adj 1. 'tending to ...'; 2. 'having the function
of ...ing'
-ator, -itor n 'one who, or that which ...s'
-atori, -itori adj 'pertaining to, or serving for, the action
of ...ing'
-atorio, -itorio n 'place where, installation or instrument with which
...ing is done'
-atrice, -itrice n 'a woman who ...s'
-atura, itura n 'action or result of ...ing'
-ate, -ite adj 1. '...ed, being ...ed'; 2. '...ed, having ...ed
(Note: identical with the past participle.)
General Prefixes
----------------
ad- (v) 'to, toward, into' (Note: by extension, 'change into,
increase of intensity, etc.'.)
ante- (n, adj, v) 'preceding in time or space'
anti- (n, adj) opposed to, against; opposite' (Note: ant- before
'h' and vowels.)
auto- (n, adj) 'self' (Note: aut- before vowels.)
circum- (adj, v) 'about, around'
co- (n, adj) 'joint, fellow'
con- (n, adj, v) 'with, together, jointly, mutually' (Note: 'n-'
mutates under certain condition.)
contra- (n, v) 'against, opposing; counter or contrary to'
dis- (n, adj, v) 1. 'apart, separately; divided, scattered';
2. 'not ..., contrary or opposite of'
ex- (n) 'former'
extra- 1. (n, adj, v) 'outside; outside the scope of'; 2. (adj)
'highly, unusually, very'
gran- (in names of kinship) 'grand-, great-' (Note: for further
reduplication, the prefix 'pro-' is available.)
in- I. (v) 'in, into'; II. (n, adj) 'not ...; lacking; lack of'
(Note: 'n-' mutates under certain conditions.)
inter- (n, adj, v) 'between, among'
intra- (adj) 'inside, within'
intro- (v) 'inwards, to the inside'
mis- (v) 'badly, wrongly'
non- (n, adj) 'not ..., lack or absence of'
per- (v) 1. 'through, throughout'; 2. 'thoroughly, extremely, very'
post- (n, adj, v) 'behind, after in time, location, or order'
pre- (n, adj, v) 'before in time, position, or rank'
pro- 1. (n, adj) 'in favor of, on the isde of'; 2. (v) 'forward, forth'
re- (v) 1. 'back, backwards'; 2. 'again'
retro- (v) 'back, backwards'
sub- (n, adj, v) 1. 'under, underneath'; 2. 'subordinate; subdivision
of'; 3. 'slightly, slight' (Note: 'b-' mutates under certain
conditions.)
super- (n, adj, v) 1. 'over, above'; 2. 'very; excessively, too much'
trans- (n, adj, v) 1. 'beyond, across; surpassing' 2. 'though, across'
ultra- (n, adj, v) 'beyond'
vice- (n) 'one who takes the place of'
Technical Prefixes
------------------
a- 'not ...; without ...; lacking ...' (Note: an- before 'h'
and vowels.)
amphi- 1. 'both, on both sides'; 2, 'around, about'
ana- 'again'
apo- 1. 'off, away'; 2. [Chem.] 'formed from, related to'
cata- 1. 'down, downwards'; 2. 'against, reflected' (Note: cat-
before 'h' and vowels.)
dia- 1. 'through'; 2. 'away, apart' (Note: di- before vowels.)
dys- 'bad, badly, not well'
ecto- 'outside, external' (Note: ect- before vowels.)
en- 'in, into' (Note: em- before, 'b', 'm', 'p', 'ph'.)
endo- 'within' (Note: end- before vowels.)
ento- 'within, inside' (Note: ent- before vowels.)
epi- 'on, upon' (Note: ep- before 'h' and vowels.)
exo- 'without, outside' (Note: ex- before vowels.)
hyper- 'over; beyond; too much'
hypo- 1. 'below, beneath, under'; 2. 'to a lower degree; somewhat';
3. [Chem.] 'indicating a lower state of oxidation, or a lower
position in a series of compounds'
meta- 1. 'behind'; 2. 'beyond, transcending, higher'; 3. 'after,
subsequent to' (Note: met- before 'h' and vowels.)
para- 1. ' besides, alongside'; 2. 'amiss, faulty, wrong';
3. 'resembling; modification of' (Note: par- before 'h' and vowels.)
peri- 'around, about'
syn- 'with, together; alike' (Note: syl- before 'l'; sym- before
'b', 'm', 'p', and 'ph'.)