NOVEMBER 2001
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SOUTH AFRICA

COVER STORY

Did this man 'kill blacks big time'?
The horrifying tale of Dr Wouter Basson's campaign trail of death has been
unfolding in the Pretoria High Court since 4 October 1999 when his trial
began. He faces 46 charges ranging from murder to fraud and drug dealing
arising from his role as head of the chemical and biological warfare
programme of the apartheid South African government. One of his former
colleagues has said Basson "killed the blacks big time", but the army
doctor has denied everything in court without calling as much as a single
witness in his defence. In contrast, the prosecution called nearly 200
witnesses over two years. Basson finished his sole-witness testimony on 26
September, spending two months in the dock. We have an 18-page "special
report" here on the trial. Please have a seat as this could knock you off
your feet. It's truly mind boggling. Overview by Osei Boateng.

His real name is Dr Wouter Basson, but South Africans call him "Dr Death".
He is 50, and a decorated army brigadier. In civilian life, he is an
eminent cardiologist. To some supporters of the old apartheid order, he is
even a hero. As the head of the apartheid regime's clandestine chemical and
biological warfare programme codenamed "Project Coast", he is alleged to
have "killed the blacks big time". Dr Daan Goosen, the first managing
director of Roodeplaat Research Laboratories, the South African Defence
Force (SADF's) front company in the north of Pretoria where Project Coast
was based, is on record to have said: "There are many people who think
Basson was a war hero - because he killed the blacks big time".

After Basson appeared before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC)
headed by Archbishop Desmond Tutu in 1998, the cuddly archbishop described
Project Coast as "the most diabolical aspect of apartheid".

Over a period of 10 years (from 1983), Basson is alleged to have applied
his medical/military training and skill to eliminate opponents of the
apartheid regime in a most diabolical fashion. Some of the revelations in
court appear to confirm fears by certain Aids-watchers who have, in the
past, pressed for a second look by governments in Southern Africa (or the
former "Frontline States") into the current high incidence of HIV and Aids
infection in the region as reported by UNAIDS and WHO.

The Aids-watchers have urged the Southern African governments to "look
beyond sex" as "there could be something more to the extremely high rates
of HIV infection and death in the region". They have cited such clandestine
chemical and biological warfare (CBW) programmes as the one headed by Dr
Basson and the other operated by the Rhodesian regime during the liberation
war in Zimbabwe. "Did the two white-supremacist regimes use the region as
one big laboratory to test the CBW weapons they developed, or were
developing?" the Aids-watchers have asked.

There is enough circumstantial evidence showing this could have been done,
but of course nobody would own up to it. The lack of hard evidence has left
many vital and searching questions as the white South African writer, Ben
Geer, poses in his 1997 book, Something More Sinister, (see Ben Geer's
Epilogue on p30), begging for answers.

Dr Mike Odendaal, a microbiologist on Project Coast, who "did ghastly
things at Roodeplaat, including putting anthrax spores in cigarettes,
chocolates and lipstick", was reported on 15 January this year by the
American magazine, The New Yorker, as saying:

"Angola would have been the ideal situation in which to test these [CBW]
weapons. But Basson wanted to use them against our domestic opponents as
well - to impress the generals. But one of the major tenets of chemical
warfare is that you don't use these things on your own soil." William
Finnegan, who wrote The New Yorker's 15 January piece, said: "I asked [Dr
Odendaal] about the charge, often heard that the drinking water in the
Eastern Cape district, a centre of political resistance, had been
deliberately infected with cholera in the late 1980s. "Odendaal nodded. 'If
that happened, the cholera in the Eastern Cape probably came from my lab,
and it probably did kill old people and kids,' he said. "I only read about
it in the papers and then was confronted about it at the TRC [Truth and
Reconciliation Commission]. No details have come out but it was probably
put in the water. That, again, is something you produce to use in enemy
territory, not on your own people.

'And it doesn't make any sense, if you want to make a dent in the black
population, to poison a couple of hundred people, putting a strain on your
own health services. You need to kill 10 million to make a difference',"
Odendaal added.



Basson at the TRC

In 1998, South Africa's TRC held a special round of hearings on Project
Coast and offered Wouter Basson amnesty in exchange for the whole truth.
Basson duly appeared before the TRC on 10 June 1998 but rejected the
amnesty with contempt. He was being investigated at the time, after his
arrest in a sting operation in January 1997 for allegedly selling illegal
drugs to a police undercover agent.

That investigation snowballed into the opening of a very special can of
worms. And so, since 4 October 1999, Basson has sat in the Pretoria High
Court and listened as his former comrades from Project Coast have told
about the harrowing tale of death, assassinations, poisonings, attempted
murder and fraud. After the TRC hearings, Archbishop Tutu wrote that he
found the stories "devastating" and "shattering".

The New Yorker's excellent piece published on 15 January on Basson's trial
covered 18-pages. It is a veritable collector's item. In it, William
Finnegan, reported the evidence led in court thus far: "There [have been]
revelations of research into a race-specific bacterial weapon; a project to
find ways to sterilise South Africa's black population; a discussion of
deliberate spreading of cholera through the water supply; large-scale
production of dangerous drugs; the fatal poisoning of anti-apartheid
leaders, captured guerrillas, and suspected security risks; even a plot to
slip thallium - a toxic heavy metal that can permanently impair brain
function - into Nelson Mandela's medication before his release from prison
in 1990."

Wouter Basson has denied everything in court. He was initially charged with
67 counts of murder, attempted murder, conspiracy to murder, fraud and drug
offences. At the beginning of the trial, his defence lawyer, Jaap Cilliers,
argued that six of the charges - covering conspiracy to murder - be
dismissed. The six charges involved 200 "surplus" SWAPO prisoners killed
with muscle relaxants.

Cilliers argued that the alleged crimes had occurred in Namibia ("the
operational area"), and therefore could not be prosecuted in South Africa.
Moreover, they were covered by the indemnity granted by the South African
administrator of Namibia at the time of the country's independence in March
1990. The presiding judge, Willie Hartzenberg, ("red-robed and white-
haired, he runs his court with gruff good humour, adjourning, as he always
has, at noon on Thursdays in favour of his golf game", according to The New
Yorker), had a good think about Cilliers argument, even delaying the trial
as he considered the motion. A week later, he dismissed all six charges to
public outcry in South Africa.


The witnesses

In court, the prosecution - headed by state attorneys Torie Pretorius and
Anton Ackermann - has led evidence, from nearly 200 witnesses, showing how
Project Coast was financed, the research it conducted and the "abuse" that
spun from it.

It has been a torrid trial for all concerned - the judge, the prosecution,
the defence and the witnesses. As The New Yorker reported: "Many of the
trial's witnesses are caught between their roles in the old regime, where
they often worked closely with Basson, and their new situations - though
some have not changed jobs...

"In a twist that typifies the incestuous opacity of the trial," The New
Yorker said, "Dr Niel Knobel (the former surgeon-general) who was Basson's
nominal supervisor at Project Coast, took the stand as a witness against
his former comrade (and one time anatomy student) only weeks after
undergoing triple-bypass heart surgery partially under Basson's care...
Knobel continues to describe Basson as "cool, calm, and collected, and a
gentleman'... "A police officer who participated in the drug sting against
Basson," the magazine said, "was testifying for the prosecution when he
suddenly announced that he was in fact sympathetic to [Basson], for they
had served together in the army in Namibia."

Basson was sacked on Christmas eve 1992 by President F.W. de Klerk but was
rehired by Nelson Mandela in 1995 and given the job of chief cardiologist
and head of the heart-transplant programme at the main military hospital in
Pretoria - a post he held until recently when he was suspended (on full
pay) by the Mbeki government until the outcome of the trial.

Before his suspension, Basson was free to practice medicine even as the
horrifying revelations were falling from the mouths of his former comrades
in court. Even after the suspension, he is still free to practise, and
continues to practise, privately.

The witnesses have told the court that strains of deadly bacteria like
anthrax, cholera and botulinum were cultivated by Project Coast to be used
as weapons against opponents of apartheid. Other weapons included
cigarettes laced with anthrax and screwdrivers hiding hypodermic syringes
filled with poisons.

As Basson was the sole witness for his defence, the court will have to
judge his testimony against the weight of the evidence of the nearly 200
prosecution witnesses. In a case of this magnitude, many will be amazed to
hear that there is no jury. Judge Hartzenberg, thus, has the sole
responsibility of weighing the evidence of 200 witnesses against the
testimony of one man.

When Basson finished his testimony on 26 September, the court adjourned
till 8 October, and again to 5 November, for the prosecution and the
defence to give the judge an indication of how they intended to proceed
with final arguments. It is possible that the final arguments might not
even be concluded this year.

Which will mean more expense. The South African government is paying for
the costs of both the prosecution and defence. At one point, in August last
year, the prosecution ran out of money, and one of the state prosecutors,
Anton Ackerman, had to pay from his own pocket for a Belgium businessman to
fly to Pretoria to testify for the prosecution. The government eventually
found money to repay Ackerman and for the trial to resume.


Basson the man

Basson was drafted into the army as a medical student. A paratrooper, he
was promoted Major at 30, and his career was on the up. He was later
awarded the Order of the Southern Cross, and became a famous cardiologist
who accompanied President P.W. Botha on his tours "to the operational area"
(Basson's own admission in court).

"The operational area" is the apartheid regime's euphemism for South
Africa's military escapades outside its borders, notably in Namibia,
Mozambique and Angola where the Africans were killed without compunction.
As The New Yorker reported: "Basson's extreme freedom to spend and
improvise derived from the support he enjoyed at the highest levels of the
South African government", including President Botha.


Project Coast

At Project Coast, Basson "relied on a global network of spies, ex-soldiers,
sanctions-busters, smugglers, and biological-warriors to obtain the
chemicals, toxins, viral cultures, specialised equipment, and expertise
necessary to develop his programme - and then, according to witnesses, on a
string of assassins to deliver the goods".

Basson himself has admitted in court that his foreign contacts did not know
about his SADF connections. "At times, he was a medical researcher - that
worked well enough, in 1984, to persuade the Centres for Disease Control,
in Atlanta [USA], to send eight shipments of Ebola, Marburg and Rift Valley
viruses to South Africa (and, thus, to Roodeplaat)", according to Tom
Mangold in his book, Plague Wars.

Basson himself is quoted by The New Yorker as having modelled Operation
Coast on the American chemical weapons programme, which he first managed to
penetrate in the early 1980s.

"He also had great success, by his own (and his military superiors')
account, penetrating the [chemical and biological warfare] programmes of
Britain and the former Soviet Union". "He attended international
conferences of forensic toxicologists in Western Europe and aerospace
medical officers in the US; befriended key scientists, military men and
programme administrators, particularly those who seemed interested in his
battlefield tales of fighting communism on the frontline in Southern
Africa". "[He] claims to have gained entrance to world-renowned facilities
such as Fort Detrick in Maryland {USA], or Porton Down [UK]; and
energetically expanded his work as he went along."

Basson is alleged to have played East against West during the Cold
War, "offering intelligence, however dubious, about the Soviet bloc's bio-
warfare capacities to Western agents in return for information or equipment
he wanted, some of which he could then turn around and trade to a growing
list of contacts in East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland and the Soviet
Union."

"He also travelled frequently to Libya, North Korea, Syria, Iraq and Iran -
countries known to be trying to develop their own nuclear, chemical and
biological weapons. According to the evidence in court, Basson also used
former East Germany, Pakistan, Croatia, Taiwan, China and Israel to great
effect for Project Coast".

"Basson [also] found that some NATO officials and former officials were as
well willing to sell their countries' military secrets as their communists
counterparts were," says The New Yorker. "Some ex-intelligence agents also
proved happy to come out of retirement to help defend, for a fee, the last
beachhead of white supremacism in Africa."



Thallium for Mandela

Interestingly, the evidence in court shows Basson to have done very little
of the actual scientific work at Project Coast. As the head, his job had
been to issue orders and liase between the funders, overseers in the
military leadership, and the Special Forces/police operatives who used the
products of Project Coast.

"Most of his time was spent elsewhere - cultivating an international
network of allies and supplies." Basson himself has confirmed his large
network in court, after some of them were persuaded by the prosecution to
testify against him. It has been said that South Africa's CBW programme
was "second in sophistication only to that of the Soviet Union".

Basson's scientists were well paid and well looked after. Some of them came
forward to testify against him, thanks to the amnesty granted by the TRC.
One of them, Dr Dan Goosen, the first managing director of Roodeplaat, has
said Basson ordered him "to research the possibility of developing a race-
specific bacterial weapon after the South African embassy in London
received a letter offering the formula for such a thing.

"The letter, it was decided might be a trap, but Goosen completed his
assignment - and concluded that it was theoretically possible to build a
germ weapon that would target only blacks. He does not know what became of
his report."

Another Basson ex-associate, Dr Schalk van Rensburg, who worked as director
of laboratory services at Roodeplaat, has said he heard references around
Roodeplaat to a plan to poison Nelson Mandela with thallium in his cell,
before his release.

After Mandela's release, Rensburg said he was told by Dr Andre Immelman,
Project Coast's chief toxicologist, who also testified in court against
Basson, that "the thallium would soon begin to show signs of working and
that Mandela would be "impaired progressively'.

"Immelman now says he was just testing van Rensburg's discretion, seeing if
his remarks surfaced anywhere. In any event, according to Rensburg, prison
doctors balked at poisoning Mandela". There had also been plans, at
Roodeplaat, to distribute T-shirts poisoned with euphoria-producing drugs
in black townships. Dr Van Rensburg remembers "merriment among the
operational types at Roodeplaat when a poisoned T-shirt meant for a black
soldier they disliked, was borrowed by a friend of the target, and the
friend died instantly.

Van Rensburg also told the court that he "heard Basson repeatedly boast
that he was now in a position "to rewrite the world's toxicology
textbooks', suggesting that he had been observing the effects on human
beings of controlled doses of deadly poisons, effects that were not always
as predicted." Project Coast also manufactured poisoned beer, chocolate,
and envelope flaps.

Another former associate of Basson, Johan Theron, an ex-intelligence
officer, told the court how he and others, with Basson's assistance,
killed "hundreds" of black people and dumped their bodies in the sea off
Namibia using a small aircraft.

Theron said the South African army had captured too many SWAPO prisoners of
war than they had room to cater for. A decision was therefore taken by the
military leadership to reduce the overcrowding by killing some of the SWAPO
soldiers. At first, Theron said, they tried to strangle the prisoners. When
that proved too difficult and traumatic even for the killers, the military
settled for lethal injections. That was where Brigadier Wouter Basson came
in.

Theron said Basson supplied him with vast quantities of Scoline, Tubarine,
and syringes. He told the court that between 1979 and 1987, he
murdered "hundreds" of SWAPO prisoners by these means. The bodies of his
victims were then loaded into a small plane, three at a time, at a remote
airstrip on the Skeleton Coast of Namibia and dumped into the Atlantic
ocean, from an altitude of 12,000 feet. Theron said it was on only one
occasion that Basson actually came to supervise the execution of a group of
prisoners.

But several members of one of South Africa's notorious police units, the
East Rand Murder and Robbery Squad, who had gone on courses offered by the
equally notorious killer unit, the Civil Cooperation Bureau, testified in
court that "it was common knowledge that, if poisons were needed for a
job, "Doc Wouter' was the man to see".

Basson denies all this.


Nervous foreign governments

For months, many foreign governments nervously followed Basson's trial from
afar as it threatened to expose the network and the maze of deeply
embarrassing and shady deals between South Africa's CBW programme and the
intelligence services of a host of nations, including America, Britain,
Germany, Switzerland, East Germany, Croatia, Libya, China, Israel,
Pakistan, Iraq, Iran, Taiwan and others.

In January this year, Mike Kennedy, the then deputy director of South
Africa's National Intelligence Agency (NIA), who testified against Basson
and yet was in charge of protecting him during the trial, told The New
Yorker that "his biggest concern was a kidnapping or assassination attempt
by one of the foreign intelligence agencies that wanted to see Basson
silenced".

It is reported that President Mandela rehired Basson in 1995
because "British and American intelligence agents talked (and frightened)
him into it."

"M16 and the CIA had been watching Basson closely since his dismissal, and
had become alarmed by his frequent trips to Libya," The New Yorker reported
on 15 January. "Everyone knew that for years Col Gaddafi had been trying to
develop a biological warfare capacity. Basson, now working as
a "consultant', could obviously be of great and dangerous service to
Gaddafi."

The magazine said: "The Americans and the British gave [President F.W] de
Klerk a joint demarche, demanding that he tell them everything about
Project Coast; end the programme and destroy its records; inform Nelson
Mandela, who would soon become president; and make a public declaration
about the matter.

"De Klerk resisted at first, but eventually complied with most of these
demands. The demarche led also to South Africa's nuclear disarmament.
Unwilling to hand over the country's nuclear arsenal to Mandela, De Klerk
allowed the US to come in and remove it.

"Basson, made available by Mandela, was interrogated by American and
British experts, who were apparently impressed with his knowledge of
chemical and biological warfare, especially his familiarity with
international procurement channels.

"When he was later observed taking yet another trip to Libya, officials in
London and Washington decided that he simply could not be allowed to sell
his services on the open market.

"British and American representatives met with President Mandela, told him
in forceful terms about the dangers as they saw them, and recommended
returning Basson to government service, where his movements could be
monitored.

"Mandela bought the argument, rehiring Basson "in the national interest'."
Thus, when Basson was not required in court as his trial went on, and
despite the frightening revelations by the nearly 200 witnesses, he still
practised as a medical doctor until his suspension by the Mbeki government.


Basson's staff

Roodeplaat Research Laboratories (RRL) employed a staff of 70. The high
security facility built into a hillside in the north of Pretoria had
departments covering toxicology, microbiology, biochemistry, molecular
biology and an animal unit.

According to the evidence before the TRC, RRL's scientists worked
on "anthrax, cholera, salmonella, botulinum, thallium, E.coli, racin,
organophosphates, necrotising fasciitis, hepatitis A and HIV, as well as
nerve gases (Sarin VX) and the Ebola, Marburg and Rift Valley haemorrhage-
fever viruses".

Dr van Rensburg, the RRl's former director of laboratory services, told the
TRC that: "Within two weeks of joining them, I realised this is not
defensive work, this is offensive work. The most frequent instruction we
obtained from Dr Basson...was to develop something with which you could
kill an individual which would make his death resemble a natural death, and
that something was not to be detectable in a normal forensic laboratory."
Rensburg said he thought about leaving RRL, but was told that: "If you let
the side down, you're dead."

Basson, again, denies this. He insisted in court that the work done at the
RRL was for defensive not offensive purposes. But as The New Yorker
reported: "Project Coast operated on a strict need-to-know basis, with only
one man, Basson, in a position to know much at all. Instructions were often
oral, and sometimes deliberately obscure. Paperwork on hard projects were
destroyed when the possibility of investigation loomed. The scientists,
working on their assignments, had, in many cases, never heard of "Project
Coast', and among Basson's superiors only the state president and a handful
of generals knew even vaguely what he was doing."

In fact Project Coast's chemical weapons were not produced at the
Roodeplaat, but at Delta G Scientific (another of the SADF front companies)
in the south of Pretoria, "where a potent new form of tear gas (CR) was
developed, and large quantities of illegal drugs, including Ecstasy and
Mandrax - an addictive sedative, were produced." They also produced "crude
toxins (and some strange delivery systems) at Roodeplaat for use by the
military and police, and they were genetically engineering extremely
dangerous new organisms - creating that is, biological weapons".

A list introduced as evidence before the TRC hearings had: 21 bottles of
cholera; 14 doses of chocolate spiked with thallium and botulinum;
cigarettes spiked with anthrax; beer bottles spiked with thallium and
botulinum; salmonella hidden in bleach, whisky and sugar; deodorant
infected with paratyphoid; anthrax spores sprinkled on the gum of envelope
flaps, etc.

Dr van Rensburg has said "scientists at Roodeplaat heard complaints about
killings that went wrong such as a series of bungled attempts to poison the
Rev. Frank Chikane, the anti-apartheid leader, by saturating his
underclothes with organophosphates, the deadly ingredients in
pesticides. "Chikane was hospitalised four times," reported The New
York, "and he survived the most harrowing episode only because he happened
to be visiting the USA when he was stricken - his poisoners, who had
tampered with his luggage, thought he was leaving for Namibia - and
American doctors correctly diagnosed his symptoms."

Basson has, again, denied Chikane's attempted murder. But even his own
lawyer, Cilliers, cross-examining one witness, Dr Knobel, the former
surgeon-general, could not help saying Project Coast had researched into
brain function, including the use of a machine called a "peptide
synthesiser". This research, according to Cilliers, "terrified the world"
because it was possible, through the manipulation of peptides, to alter
brain function, perhaps permanently, either rendering previously normal
people passive or turning them into "uncontrollable monsters".

Archbishop Tutu said after the TRC hearings: "There is something
particularly horrifying about crimes that have been well thought out by
white-coated men in clinically spick-and-span laboratories, subverting
science for such nefarious ends." But Basson and his scientists are not the
first to dapple in such "horrifying" things.


What the others did

"Laboratory germ warfare," according to The New Yorker, "got its start
during the Second World War, when projects were launched in Germany,
Britain, Canada, the US and Japan. "The Japanese worked to weaponise
anthrax, cholera, plague, and typhoid, among other diseases, and did
extensive experiments on human beings, in some cases tying people to stakes
and measuring the effects of different types of bombs and poisons, and on
several occasions aerial-bombing cities and towns in China with plague-
infested fleas and then monitoring the outbreaks of bubonic plague that
followed.

"The US developed a large scale secret biological warfare programme, which
eventually made eager use of the captured Japanese research on human
subjects. By 1969, the [US] Army had weaponised anthrax, tularemia, and
botulinum, which is the most deadly bio-toxin known, and had stockpiled
more than two million biological bombs, bomblets, spray tanks and other
munitions. "Then, without warning, President Richard Nixon terminated the
project, ordering its arsenals destroyed. In 1972, 79 nations, including
the US, Soviet Union, Britain, and South Africa, signed a treaty outlawing
biological weapons."

Yet all the countries that signed the agreement continued to produce
offensive biological weapons clandestinely. Naturally, the apartheid regime
in South Africa did not want to be left behind. So Project Coast was born.

According to The New Yorker, "Project Coast's most noteworthy contribution
to this dismal field - apart from its achievements on the chemical side,
which included a high-tech gas mask that was in great demand among the
Allied forces during the Gulf War - was a genetically engineered E.coli
bacterium that produces botulinum toxin. "Since the Roodeplaat labs
produced, according to the microbiologist Mike Odendaal, between three and
five grams of purified botulinum, and since five grams is enough to kill,
at least in theory, a million people, this was not a happy achievement.
[But] there is no evidence that botulinum was ever weaponised at
Roodeplaat."


Basson 'the great'

"Basson's true strength when it comes to his legal defence," according to
The New Yorker, "is his readiness to drop hints that he knows much more
than he is saying - and the implied threat is to embarrass or destroy
powerful people if things should start going against him in a meaningful
way. "In the first weeks of his trial, Cillers served notice in this area
by repeatedly mentioning Basson's purported links to the ANC, particularly
to Nelson Mandela. He even asserted, without challenge, that Basson
collected funds in Libya to help pay for Winnie Mandela's defence during
her 1991 trial for her role in the death of a young activist, and that
Basson had personally delivered the money to the Mandelas home in
Johannesburg."

"Basson had already put the fear into American intelligence during the TRC
appearance, where he handed over 14 pages of notes from a visit to the US
in 1981. American Air Force officers had been eager to develop
joint "medical projects' with South Africa, he wrote... "Other countries
have also shown signs of panic. The Swiss government launched a formal
investigation of General Peter Regli, the former head of Swiss
intelligence, who allegedly dealt with (and was double-dealt by) Basson in
a quest to obtain South African nuclear secrets."

Some multinational chemical and pharmaceutical companies have also spent
sleepless nights, wondering what lay in store for them. For they were all
involved in Basson's world. "Household names" according to Project Coast
scientists - that apparently had agreements with the South African army
under which expired drug stocks were not destroyed but were given to the
army for distribution to the rebel forces sponsored by Pretoria in Angola
[Unita] and Mozambique [Renamo]."

These fears had earlier, during Basson's bail hearing, led the state
to "argue that parts of the bail hearing should remain secret because
allowing them to become public would violate South Africa's treaty
commitments to prevent the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction".
Doing so would also "jeopardise relations between South Africa and other
countries", the South African ministry of foreign affairs added for good
measure.

Basson, apparently, is a man you toy with at your peril. "He has the goods
on almost everybody," says The New Yorker. ).





Copyright © IC Publications Limited 2001.

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