Asalaamu alaikum,
Alhamdulillah and may Allah forgive and have mercy on the earth quake
victims of Turkey.
We continue our lessons on purification by going into the manner of
performance of abulution as done by the Seal of the Prophets and the Chief
of the messengers. It is being excerpted from an excellent booklet by
Shaickh ash-Shuaib, and the like of it in detail and completeness is not
available in English. May Allah help us in His remeberance, thankfullness
and worship Him in the best manner.
'Sifat Wudoo'-in-Nabee (SAW)', A Description of How the Prophet (SAW) Made
Wudoo' (abulution).
By Fahd ibn 'Abdir Rahman ash-Shuwaib. Translated into English by Dawood
Burbank al-Britanee.
Introduction
Preface:
Verily all praise is for Allaah, we praise Him and seek His aid and ask for
His forgiveness, and we seek refuge with Allaah from the evils of ourselves
and our evil actions. Whomever Allaah guides there is none who can misguide
him, and whomever Allaah misguides there is none who can guide him, and I
bear witness that none has the right to be worshipped except Allaah Alone,
having no partner, and I bear witness that Muhammad is His slave and His
Messenger.
O mankind! Reverence your Guardian-Lord, Who created you from a single
person, created, of like nature his mate, and from them twain scattered
countless men and women; reverence Allaah, through Whom you demand your
mutual (rights) and (reverence) the wombs (that bore you): for Allaah ever
watches over you. [Soorat-un-Nisaa' ayah 1]
O you who believe! Fear Allaah as He should be feared, and die not except in
a state of Islaam. [Soorat-ul-Aal-i-'Imraan ayah 102]
O you who believe! Fear Allaah, and (always) speak the truth that He may
make your conduct whole and sound and forgive you your sins: He that obeys
Allaah and His Messenger, has already attained the highest achievement.
[Soorat-ul-Ahzaab ayaat 70-71]
As for what follows: Verily the most truthful speech is the Word of Allaah
and the best guidance is the guidance of Muhammad (sallallaahu 'alaihi wa
sallam), and the worst of affairs are the novelties and every novelty is an
innovation and every innovation is a going astray and every going astray is
in the Fire.
I desired to write this as a completion for the treatises which are in
circulation amongst the people today - about the different fields -
especially of worship such as Prayer and Fasting, etc. - which have made
easier that which is difficult as regards religious rulings and being guided
thereby, as it maybe difficult these days for some to read, research and
extract these rulings from their places within the source books - either
because of the ignorance of the Muslims or laziness or other worldly
problems. I sincerely advise all the Muslims to read and research until they
come to know and understand their true Deen - and I wished to write this in
order to complete the series of the types of worship, especially since no
one has particularized this topic in a treatise - except what occurs within
the books of reference as we have explained - but I have not found this in
the form of a treatise.
My method for this treatise has been not to quote except what is authentic
from the hadeeth of Rasoolullah (sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) - if Allaah
wishes - ordering it according to the order of the Wudoo of Rasoolullah
(sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam), and I have commented on some of the points
about which there is difference of opinion - stating that which is correct
therefrom in our view after replying to the other opinions.
I ask Allaah to guide us to that which is proper - verily He is the One
having authority over that and having the Power to do so.
The Definition of Wudoo
Wudoo in the Arabic Language:
Wudoo is the action, and wadoo the water used therefor - and it is also a
verbal noun; or they are two forms of the same word, both meaning the
verbal-noun and maybe both referring also to the water used.
Wudoo in the Sharee'ah:
Wudoo is using clean and cleansing (Tuhoor) water upon certain body parts as
Allaah ta'ala has prescribed and explained.
The Prescription of Wudoo in The Kitaab And Sunnah:
Allaah ta'ala says: O Ye who believe! When ye prepare for prayer, wash your
faces, and your hands (and arms) to the elbows; rub your heads (with water);
and (wash) your feet to the ankles [soorat-ul-Maa'idah, 5:7]
1. Abu Hurairah (radhiAllaahu'anhu) said: Rasoolullah (sallallaahu 'alaihi
wa sallam) said: The Prayer of anyone of you breaching purification is not
accepted unless he makes wudoo. [Al-Bukhaaree, (Fath ul-Baaree, 1/206),
Muslim (no.225) and others].
2. Ibn 'Umar (radhiAllaahu 'anhumaa) said: Indeed I heard Rasoolullah
(sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) say: Allaah does not accept Prayer without
purification, nor Sadaqah from illegally attained wealth. [Muslim (1/160)
and others].
3. Ibn 'Abbaas (radhiAllaahu 'anhumaa) said: Rasolullah (sallallaahu 'alaihi
wa sallam) said: Verily I have been ordered to make wudoo when I stand for
Prayer. [Saheeh. Reported by Abu Dawood (no.3760); at-Tirmidhee (no.1848),
and he declared it to be 'hasan-saheeh': an-Nasaa.ee (1/73). And Shaikh
al-Albaanee declares it to be 'saheeh' ('Saheeh ul-Jaami', no.2333)].
4. Abu Sa'eed (radhiAllaahu 'anhu) said: Rasoolullah (sallallaahu 'alaihi wa
sallam) said: The key to Prayer is purification, its 'tahreem'[1] is the
takbeer and its 'tahleel'[2] is the giving salaam. [Reported by Abu Dawood
(no.60); at-Tirmidhee (no.3); Ibn Maajah (no.275) and others. Declared as
'saheeh' by Shaikh al-Albaanee: ('Saheeh ul-Jaami', no.5761)].
The Excellence of Wudoo
5. Abu Hurairah (radhiAllaahu'anhu) said: Rasoolullah (sallallaahu'alaihi wa
sallam) said: Shall I not guide you to that by which Allaah wipes away the
sins and raises the ranks? They said: Certainly O Messenger of Allaah! He
said Completing the wudoo when it is a hardship, and many steps to the
mosques and waiting for the [next] Prayer after the Prayer, that is
'ar-Ribaat' (defending the frontiers), that is 'ar-Ribaat' that is
'ar-Ribaat'). [Reported by Muslim (1/151) and others].
6. Abu Hurairah (radhiAllaahu'anhu) reports that Rasoolullah (sallallaahu
'alaihi wa sallam) said When the Muslim (or 'Believing') servant makes wudoo
and washes his face then the sin of everything he looked at with his eye
comes away with the water, or with the last drop of the water, and when he
washes his hands then the sin of everything he stretched out his hands to
comes away with the water, or with the last drop of the water. And when he
washes his feet every sin which his feet walked towards comes away with the
water or with the last drop of the water - so that he leaves clean
(clear/pure) from sins. [Reported by Muslim (1/148) and others].
7. Abu Hurairah (radhiAllaahu 'anhu) reports that Rasoolullah (sallallaahu
'alaihi wa sallam) came to the graveyard and said Peace be upon you,
dwelling of Believing People and we will (all) if Allaah wills join you
soon. I would have liked to have seen our brothers! They said: Are we not
your brothers, O Messenger of Allaah? He said You are my Companions and our
brothers are those who have not yet come! They said: How will you know those
who have not yet come from your Ummah, O Messenger of Allaah? He said Have
you not seen that if a man had a horse with a white blaze and hoof along
with a totally jet-black horse, then would he not know his horse? They said:
Certainly, O Messnger of Allaah. He said So they will come with white blazes
and marks from the wudoo and I am present before them at the Hand
('water-tank') Indeed men will be driven away from my 'water-tank' as the
lost camel is driven away from their gathering place. 'Come on'. So it will
be said: 'Indeed they have made changes after you,' so I will say: Be off,
be off. [Muslim 249].
8. Abu Umaamah (radhiAllaahu'anhu) said: Rasoolullah (sallallaahu 'alaihi wa
sallam) said When a Muslim makes wudoo the sins he has committed come away
from his hearing and from his sight and from his hand and from his feet, so
when he sits he sits down having been forgiven. [Reported by Ahmad (5/252)
and is hasan].
9. Abu Maalik al-Ash'aree (radhiAllaahu anhu) said: Rasoolullah (sallallaahu
'alaihi wasallam) said Purification is half of Imaan. And 'al-hamdu lillaah'
fills the Scales. And 'subhaanAllaah' and 'al-hamdu lillaah' fill whatever
is between the heaven and the earth. And Prayer is a light. And Sadaqah is a
clear proof. And Sabr (patience) is a shining light. And the Qur'aan is a
proof for or against you. Every person starts the day dealing for his own
soul so he either sets it free or destroys it. [Reported by Muslim (1/140)
and others].
10. 'Uthmaan (radhiAllaahu 'anhu) said: Rasoolullah (sallallaahu 'alaihi wa
sallam) said Whoever makes wudoo and makes it well, his sins come out from
his body, even coming out from under his nails. [Reported by Muslim (3/133)
and others].
11. 'Uthmaan (radhiAllaahu 'anhu) said: Rasoolullah (sallallaahu 'alaihi wa
sallam) said Whoever makes wudoo like this - then all of his previous sins
are forgiven - and his Prayer and his walking to the mosque are above and
beyond that. [Reported by Muslim, 3/113].
12. Ibn 'Umar (radhiAllaahu 'anhumaa) said: Rasoolullah (sallallaahu'alaihi
wasallam) said When one of you makes wudoo and makes it well, then goes out
to the mosque - having no purpose except Prayer - then his left foot
continues to wipe away his evil deeds and his right foot continually writes
for him good deeds until he enters the mosque. And if the people knew what
there was in the night prayer and Subh prayers - then they would come to
them even if they had to crawl. [Reported by at-Tabraanee in 'al-Mu'jam
ul-Kabeer'. And Ash-Shaikh al-Albaanee declares it to be saheeh
(As-Saheehah, no.454). And its meaning is reported by al-Bukhaaree and
Muslim from the narration of Abu Hurairah].
13. Abu Hurairah (radhiAllaahu'anhu) said: Rasoolullah (sallallaahu 'alaihi
wa sallam) said Whoever makes wudoo and makes it well then goes out - and
then finds that the people have finished the Prayer - then Allaah gives him
the same reward as one who had prayed it along with the people without
diminishing any of their reward. [Reported by Abu Dawood (no.564) and
an-Nasaa'ee (no.856) and others. Al-Albaanee declares it to be 'saheeh'
(As-Saheehah, no.6039)].
14. Zaid ibn Khaalid al Juhanee (radhiAllaahu'anhu) relates that the Prophet
(sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) said Whoever makes wudoo and makes it well,
then prays two rak'ahs not letting his mind wander in them - then Allaah
forgives him all of his previous sins. [Reported by Abu Dawood (no.905) and
others. Al-Albaanee declares it to be 'hasan' (As-Saheehah, no.6041)].
15. 'Uqbah ibn 'Aamir (radhiAllaahu 'anhu) said: Rasoolullah (sallallaahu
'alaihi wa sallam) said Whoever makes wudoo and makes it well, then prays
two rak'ahs concentrating therein with his heart and his face - then
Paradise is obligatory for him. [Reported by an-Nasaa'ee. Al-Albaanee
declares it to be 'saheeh' (As-Saheehah, no.6062)].
16. 'Uthmaan (radhiAllaahu 'anhu) said: I heard Rasoolullah (sallallaahu
'alaihi wa sallam) say Whoever makes wudoo for Prayer and completes the
wudoo - then walks to the obligatory Prayer and prays it with the people -
or with the congregation - or in the mosque - then Allaah forgives his sins.
[Reported by Muslim (1/144) and others].
17. 'Alee (radhiAllaahu 'anhu) relates that Rasoolullah (sallallaahu 'alaihi
wa sallam) said Completing the wudoo when it is a hardship, and walking to
the mosque, and waiting for the next prayer after the previous one (greatly)
washes away the sins. [Reported by al-Haakim (1/132) who declared it to be
saheeh to the standard of Muslim. And al-Haithumee said in 'Az-Zawaa-id': It
is narrated by Abu Ya'laa and al-Bazzaar. And its narrators are up to the
standard of Al-Bukharee],
18. Humraan ibn Abaan relates that 'Uthmaan asked for water to make wudoo -
then he mentioned how the Prophet (sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) made wudoo
. Then he said: The Prophet (sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) said at the end
of the hadeeth Whoever makes wudoo in the same way that I have just made
wudoo then stands up and prays two rak'ahs, not thinking of other things,
then his previous sins are forgiven. [Related by al-Bukhaaree (Fath
ul-Baaree, 11/213) and Muslim (no.226) and an-Nasaa'ee ( 1/63)] .
The Components of Wudoo:
An Niyyah (Intention)
This is the firm resolve of the heart to perform wudoo in obedience to the
order of Allaah ta'ala and His Messenger (sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam).
Ibn Taimiyyah (rahimahullaah) said (Majmoo'at-ur-Rasaa-il il-Kubraa 1/243):
"The place of the niyyah is the heart and not the tongue in all forms of
'ibaadah - and that is agreed upon by all the Muslim scholars -
Purification, Prayer, Zakaat, Sawm, Hajj, 'Itq (freeing of slaves), Jihaad,
etc. If he were to express with his tongue other than that which he intended
in his heart - then what he intended is counted, not what he said. If he
voiced the intention with his tongue and the intention was not in his heart,
that will not count - by total agreement of all the scholars of Islaam - so
the niyyah is the firm intention and resolve itself."
19. As Rasoolullah (sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) himself explained in the
hadeeth narrated by 'Umar (radhiAllaahu 'anhu) in the Sahihain Verily the
actions are by intention and there is for everyone only what he intended...
[Fath-ul-Baaree, 1/9, and Muslim, 6/48].
At-Tasmiyyah (Mentioning Allaah's Name)
20. Abu Hurairah (radhiAllaahu' anhu) said that Rasoolullah (sallallahu
'alaihi wasallam) said There is no wudoo for him who does not mention
Allaah's name upon it. [Reported by Ibn Maajah (no.399), At-Tirmidhee
(no.26), Abu Dawood (no.101) and others. Ash-Shaikh al-Albaani says: hadeeth
Saheeh (Saheeh ul-Jaarni', no.7444)].
Imam Ahmad in one of his two sayings is of the opinion that it is obligatory
in wudoo, ghusl, and Tayammum. He was followed in this opinion by Abu Bakr,
and it is the saying of al-Hasan (al-Basaree) and Imam Ishaaq - as reported
by Ibn Qudaamah in 'al-Mughnee' (1/84) and their proof is this hadeeth.
Ibn Qudaamah adds: If we take the saying that it is obligatory, then the
wudoo of one who deliberately leaves it is not correct as he has left an
obligatory duty in Purification - just as if he had left the intention; and
if he left it forgetfully then his purification is correct. (Al-Mughnee).
And this is the saying that we regard as being correct.
As for Ibn Taimiyyah (rahimahullah) he held it to be obligatory if the
related hadeeth was authentic - as occurs in his Kitaab-ul-Imaan - and the
hadeeth is authentic, so therefore his opinion (rahimahullah) is that it is
obligatory.
21. Al-Bukhaaree and Muslim report from Anas (radhiAllaahu 'anhu) that some
of the Companions of the Prophet (sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) sought
water for wudoo , so Rasoolullah (sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) said Does
any of you have water? So he put his hand into the water and said Make wudoo
in the name of Allaah. And I saw the water coming out from between his
fingers until they all made wudoo . Thaabit said: "I said to Anas
(radhiAllaahu'anhu): How many were there? He said: About seventy.
[Al-Bukhaaree, 1/236, Muslim, 8/411, An-Nasaa'ee, V8].
As for the proof for that which we have stated - it is his (sallallaahu
'alaihi wa sallam) saying Make wudoo in the name of Allaah. As for those who
say that it is only sunnah mu'akkadah then they base that upon the relative
hadeeth being da'eef ( There is no wudoo ... ). However since the hadeeth is
saheeh as we have explained, then there remains no proof for them and the
proof is with us, and Allaah Knows Best.
So it is therefore obligatory as we have shown, however the one who forgets
should mention Allaah's name when he remembers.
Washing the Hands
22. Humraan (radhiAllaahu'anhu) narrates that 'Uthmaan called for water to
make wudoo and washed his hands three times... then said: I saw Rasoolullah
(sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam)make wudoo just as I have made wudoo .
[Al-Bukhaaree and Muslim, and as preceded].
23. Abu Hurairah (radhiAllaahu'anhu) said: Rasoolullah (sallallaahu 'alaihi
wa sallam) said When one of you awakes from sleep then let him not enter his
hand into the bowl/vessel until he washes it three times as he does not know
where his hand has spent the night. [Al-Bukhaaree (Fath ul-Baaree, 1/229),
Muslim and it is his wording, as al-Bukhaaree doesn't report "three times"].
24. And in the hadeeth of'Abdullaah ibn Zaid (radhiAllaahu'anhu) he was
asked about the wudoo of the Prophet (sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam), so he
called for a bowl of water and made wudoo from it as the Prophet
(sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) made wudoo, and he poured out water from the
bowl upon his hand and washed it three times. [Al-Bukhaaree (al Fath,
l/255), Muslim, 3/121].
25. Aus ibn Abi Aus reports from his grandfather (radhiAllaahu 'anhu) who
said: I saw Rasoolullah (sallallaahu alaihi wa sallam) make wudoo washing
his hands three times. [Ahmad (4/9), An-Nasaa'ee (1/55) - with saheeh
isnaad].
Al-Madmadah and Al-Istinshaaq
AL-MADMADAH: Is washing the mouth and moving the water around within it.
AL-ISTINSHAAQ: Is taking water into the nose and breathing it into its
backmost part.
AL-ISTINTHAAR: Is expelling the water from the nose after istinshaaq.
Washing the Mouth and Nose Together with One Handful (of Water)
26. 'Abdullaah ibn Zaid al-Ansaaree said that it was said to him: Perform
for us the wudoo of Rasoolullah (sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam), so he
called for a pot of water..until he said: So he washed his mouth and nose
with a single handful and did that three times. [Al-Bukhaaree and Muslim].
Washing the Mouth
27. In the hadeeth of 'Amr ibn Yahyaa (radhiAllaahu 'anhu) he said: And he
washed his mouth and nose using three handfuls of water. [Muslim, 3/123].
Al-Imam an-Nawawi says: And in this hadeeth is a clear proof for the correct
opinion that the sunnah in washing the mouth and nose is that it should be
with three handfuls of water - washing the mouth and nose [together] with
each of them.
28. In the hadeeth of'Aa'ishah (radhiAllaahu'anhaa) in which she describes
the wudoo of the Prophet (sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) that he said When
you make wudoo then wash your mouth. [Al-Baihaqi says: 'Its isnaad is
saheeh.' And it contains an addition to the previous hadeeth of 'Aa'ishah in
Abu Dawood, no.l43].
Washing the Nose and Expelling the Water
29. Abu Hurairah (radhiAllaahu'anhu) narrates that the Prophet (sallallaahu
'alaihi wa sallam) said When one of you makes wudoo then let him enter water
into his nose, then expel it. [Al-Bukhaaree (al-Fath, 1/229), Muslim
(no.237), Abu Dawood (no. 140)].
30. Exerting in sniffing in the water as long as you are not fasting is
reported in the hadeeth of Laqeet (radhiAllaahu 'anhu) who said: O
Rasoolullah (sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam), inform me of the wudoo . He
said Complete the wudoo and rub between the fingers and excert in breathing
in the water into the nose unless you are fasting. [Abu Dawood, no.l42;
At-Tirmidhee, no.38; An-nasaa'ee, no.ll4; IbMaajah, no.407; and others].
(Declared as saheeh by Ibn Hibbaan and al-Haalcim, and adh-Dhahabee agreed
to that. Also declared as saheeh by Ibn al Qaataan, An-Nawawi and Ibn Hajr.
Refer to the footnote in al-Baghawi's Sharh us-Sunnah: 1/417].
It is clear from these two ahaadith that washing the mouth and nose are both
obligatory (waajib). Ibn Qudaamah says in 'al-Mughnee': Washing the nose and
washing the mouth are both obligatory in both forms of purification - Ghusl
and wudoo - as washing the face is obligatory in both of them in the
established view of the madhhab; and it is the saying of Ibn al-Mubaarak,
Ibn Abi Lailaa and Ishaaq, and it is reported from 'Ataa.
Taking Water into the Nose with the Right Hand and Expelling it with the
Left
'Abd Khair said: We were sitting looking towards 'Alee - as he made wudoo -
and he entered into his mouth a handful of water with his right hand and
washed his mouth and nose, then expelled it from his nose with his left hand
- he did that three times, then said: Whoever would like to see the way of
purification of Rasoolullah (sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) - then this is
his purification. [Reported by ad-Daarimee. Ash-shaikh al-Albaanee says in
his notes on al-Mishkaat: Its isnaad is saheeh].
Washing the Face
The face (wajh) is determined as being everything between the beginnings of
the hair down to the cheeks and the chin, and up to the start of the ears
including that which is between the beard and ear.
Allaah ta'ala says: O Ye who believe! When ye prepare for prayer, wash your
faces, and your hands (and arms) to the elbows; rub your heads (with water);
and (wash) your feet to the ankles. [soorat-ul-Maa'idah,5:7]
Humraan ibn Abaan narrates that 'Uthmaan (radhiAllaahu 'anhu) called for
water to make wudoo and so mentioned the way in which the Prophet
(sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) made wudoo . Humraan said: Then he washed
his face three times. [Al-Bukhaaree (al-Fath, 1/312), Muslim (no.226)].
Running Water Through the Beard with the Fingers
31. 'Uthmaan (radhiAllaahu'anhu) narrates that the Prophet (sallallaahu
'alaihi wa sallam) used to run his (wet fingers) through his beard.
[At-Tirmidhee (no.31), Ibn Maajah (no.430), Ibn Jaarood (p.43) and al-Haakim
(1/14~) who declared its isnaad as saheeh as did Ibn Khuzaimah and Ibn
Hibbaan. See the note in al-Baghagawi's Sharh us-Sunnah, 1/421].
32. Anas (radhiAllaahu'anhu) narrates that the Prophet (sallallaahu'alaihi
wa sallam), when he made wudoo , used to take a handful of water and enter
it below his chin and rub it through his beard and said This is what my Lord
- the Great and Exalted - has ordered me to do. [Abo Dawood (no.145),
al-Baihaqee (1/54), al-Haakim (1/149). Ash-Shaikh al-Albaani declares it to
be saheeh (Saheeh ul-Jaami', no.4572)].
Some of the scholars have declared that entering water through the beard is
obligatory and say: If he deliberately leaves it - then he must repeat the (
wudoo and) prayer. And this is the saying of Imam Ishaaq and Abu Thaur.
Most of the scholars however are of the opinion that the order is an order
of desirability (istihbaab) and it is not obligatory - and that it is
clearer that that which is obligatory is moving water through that part of
the beard..so that it reaches the skin underneath. [Al-Khattaabee, 1/56].
Imam Ahmad and Laith and most of the scholars hold that moving water through
the beard is obligatory when taking ghusl from Janaabah - and not obligatory
in wudoo . ['Aun al Ma'bood, 1/247].
Washing the Arms Including the Elbows
Note: The arms here which we are ordered to wash begin with the fingertips
and hands - which are to be included in this washing - they being part of
the arm (yad) which we are ordered to Wash in the aayah.
Allaah ta'ala says: O Ye who believe! When ye prepare for prayer, wash your
faces, and your hands (and arms) to the elbows; rub your heads (with water);
and (wash) your feet to the ankles. [soorat-ul-Maa'idah,5:7]
Humraan ibn Abaan reports that 'Uthmaan (radhiAllaahu'anhu) called for water
for wudoo and mentioned the Prophet's (sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) way of
making wudoo - and Humraan said: Then he washed his right arm including the
elbow three times, then the left in the same way. [Al-Bukhaaree and Muslim
as has preceded].
Regarding inclusion of the elbows in the washing of the arms - scholars have
differed: Some of them saying that they must be included in this washing,
and others saying that this is not so. And this difference of opinion is due
to their disagreement over the meaning of the word "ilaa" (to) in the aayah
- does it mean 'up to/until' or 'up to and including' ?
He who says that it means 'up to' does not include the elbows in the washing
- just as Allaah ta'ala says: ... thumma 'atimmus-siyaama ilaa -llail: Then
complete your fast till the night appears; [soorat-ul-Baqara, 2:187]. And
this is the opinion of some of the companions of Imam Maalik.
Most scholars, however, hold the view that the meaning is 'up to and
including/along with' - and thus include the elbows in the washing and use
as their evidence Allaah ta'ala's saying: ...wa yayazidkum quwwatan ilaa
quwwatikum...: ...and add strength to your strength; [Soorat-ul-Hud 11:52]
33. The proof in this matter is the hadeeth of Nu'aim ibn Mijmar who said: I
saw Abu Hurairah make wudoo - he washed his face and completed the wudoo ,
then washed his right hand until he reached the upper arm, then his left
hand till he reached the upper arm" - then in the end of the hadeeth he
said: "This is how I saw Rasoolullah (sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) make
wudoo . [Muslim, 1/246]
So, dear reader, it is clear from this hadeeth that the Prophet (sallallaahu
'alaihi wa sallam) used to wash the elbows further, he used to increase upon
that and wash part of the upper arm.
34. Jaabir (radhiAllaahu'anhu) said that when the Prophet (sallallaahu
'alaihi wa sallarn) made wudoo , he would pass the water over his elbows.
[Reported by ad-Daaraqutnee (1/15), al-Baihaqee (1/56) and others - Ibn Hajr
declared it to be hasan. And Ash-Shaikh al-Albaanee declared it to be saheeh
(Saheeh ul-Jaami', 4547)].
Wiping the Head and Ears and 'Imaamah
1. Wiping over all of the head as Allaah ta'ala says: ...wamsahoo bi
ru'oosikum...: ...rub your heads (with water) [Soorat-ul-Maa'idah 5:7]
Ibn Qudaamah says in 'al-Mughnee': Some of the people who claim that that
which is ordered to be wiped is part of the head only - claim that the (Baa)
[in the verse] means "part of" as if He had said: "Wipe part of your
heads".' However, we say that in His saying wamsahoo bi ru'oosikum the (Baa)
is as if He said regarding Tayammum wamsahoo bi wujoohikum [Allaah ta'ala
orders us to wipe the faces].
Therefore their saying that the (Baa) means "part of" is incorrect and
unknown to the scholars of the language. Ibn Burhaan says: 'He who claims
that the "baa" means "part of" has declared before the scholars of the
language that of which they have no knowledge. [al-Mughnee, 1/112].
Ash-Shaukaanee (rahimahullah) says in Nail-ul-Autaar: It is not established
that it means "part of" and Seebawaih (one of the foremost scholars of the
Arabic language) has denied that in fifteen places in his book.
(Nail-ul-Autaar, 1/193).
35. In the hadeeth of'Abdullaah ibn Zaid (radhiAllaahu'anhu) is a further
proof of the incorrectness of the saying that it means "a part of" - in that
the Prophet (sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) wiped his head with his two
hands, moving them forwards and backwards - beginning with the front of the
head and (wiping) with them up to his nape then he (sallallaahu 'alaihi wa
sallam) returned them to the place from which he began. [Al-Bukhaaree
(al-Fath, 1/251), Muslim (no.235), at-Tirmidhee (no.28) and others].
2. Wiping the ears: The ruling for the ears is the same as that for the
head.
36. And it is authentically reported that Rasoolullah (sallallaahu 'alaihi
wa sallam) said The two ears are a part of the head. [Reported by
at-Tirmidhee, no.37; Abu Dawood, no.l34 and Ibn Maajah, no.444]. (Declared
by ash-Shaikh al-Albaanee to be saheeh - as-Saheehah, 1/36 - and Imam Ahmad
was of the view that wiping the ears has the same ruling as that for wiping
the head.)]
As for those who hold the view that it is a sunnah they do not have any
evidence except their regarding this hadeeth as being da'eef - it is however
authentic due to a chain of narration which they did not come across and so
the proof is with our saying - and Allaah Knows best.
And of the scholars who hold that they are part of the head are Ibn
al-Musayyib, 'Ataa, al-Hasan, Ibn Seereen, Sa'eed ibn Jubair and an-Nakha'ee
and it is the saying of ath-Thauree and Ahl ur-Ra'y and Imams Malik and
Ahmad ibn Hanbal.
Taking Fresh Water for the Head and Ears
37. Ash-Shaikh al-Albaanee says in 'ad-Da'eefah', no.995: There is not to be
found in the Sunnah anything which obligates taking fresh water for the ears
- therefore he should wipe them along with the water for the head - just as
it is also permissible to wipe the head with the water remaining from that
of the arms after washing them according to the hadeeth of Ar-Rabee' bint
Mu'awwidh that the Prophet (sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) "wiped his head
with water remaining in his hand". [Reported by Abu Dawood and others with
hasan isnaad].
The Way of Wiping
38. From 'Abdullaah ibn 'Amr - about the way of performing wudoo - he said:
Then he (sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) wiped his head and entered his two
forefingers into his ears and wiped the backs of his ears with his thumbs.
[Reported by Abu Dawood (no.135), an-Nasaa'ee (no.140), Ibn Maajah (no.422)
and authenticated by Ibn Khuzairnah].
Wiping Over the 'Imaamah (Turban) Only
39. 'Amr ibn Umayyah (radhiAllaahu 'anhu) said: I saw Rasoolullah
(sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) wipe over his turban and leather socks.
[Reported by al-Bukhaaree (al Fath, 1/266) and others].
40. Bilaal (radhiAllaahu 'anhu) reports that the Prophet (sallallaahu'alaihi
wa sallam) wiped over the leather socks and the head cover. [Reported by
Muslim, 1/159].
Wiping Over the Turban and Forelock
41. Al-Mugheerah ibn Shu'bah (radhiAllaahu'anhu) reports that the Prophet
(sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) made wudoo and wiped over his forelock and
over the turban and leather socks. [Reported by Muslim, 1/159].
Ibn Qudaamah says in 'al-Mughnee' (1/310); And if part of the head is
uncovered and it is normally so, then it is preferable to wipe over that
along with the turban - that is recorded from Ahmad: as the Prophet
(sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) wiped over his turban and forelock - as
occurs in the hadeeth of al-Mugheerah ibn Shu'bah.
As for caps/'prayer hats', it is not permissible to wipe over them as Ahmad
says for various reasons, from them: (1) They do not cover all of the head
normally, nor are they tied around it. (2) There is no difficulty in their
removal.
As for the woman's head cover - it is permissible to wipe over it as Umm
Salamah used to wipe over her head cover - as reported by Ibn al-Mundhir.
(See'al-Mughnee', 1/312).
Washing the Feet and Ankles
Allaah ta'ala says: ...wa arjulakum ilaal ka'bayn...: ...and (wash) your
feet to the ankles [Soorat-ul-Maa'idah 5:7] [thus ordering the washing of
the feet and ankles].
42. Ibn 'Umar (radhiAllaahu 'anhumaa) said: Rasoolullah (sallallaahu 'alaihi
wa sallam) fell behind us and then came upon us during a journey, then we
found him and it was time for 'Asr - so we began to make wudoo and wipe over
our feet, so he (sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) called out at the top of his
voice Woe to the ankles from the Fire. (two or three times) [Al-Bukhaaree
(al Fath, 1/232) and Muslim, 3/128].
An-Nawawi says in his explanation of Sahih Muslim after mentioning the
hadeeth: Muslim's intention (rahimahullah) in quoting these hadeeth was to
prove with it the obligation of washing the feet - and that wiping them is
not sufficient.
43. In the hadeeth of al-Bukhaaree and Muslim from Humraan ibn Abaan that
'Uthmaan (radhiAllaahu'anhu) called for water for wudoo and then mentioned
the wudoo of the Prophet (sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam) - then Humraan
said: Then he washed his right foot to the ankle three times and then his
left foot to the ankle three times.
44. As Abu Hurairah (radhiAllaahu 'anhu) did in Muslim's narration: "Then he
washed his right foot till he reached the shin, then he washed the left foot
till he reached the shin" and in the end of the hadeeth said: This is what I
saw Rasoolullah (sallallaahu 'alaihi wasallam) do. [Muslim, 1/246].
From this hadeeth - O Brother Muslim - it becomes clear that the ankles
enter into this washing as is clear from his saying 'till he reached the
shin'.
45. Al-Mustaurad (radhiAllaahu 'anhu) said: When the Prophet (sallallaahu
'alaihi wa sallam) made wudoo he would enter the water between his toes with
his little finger. [Reported by Abu Dawood (no.148), at-Tinnidhee (no.40)
and Ibn Maajah (no.446). Declared as 'saheeh' by al-Albaanee].
As-San'aanee says in 'Subul-us-Salaam' after quoting this hadeeth: It is a
proof for the obligation of wiping between the toes - and this also occurs
in the hadeeth of Ibn 'Abbaas which we have indicated - which is reported by
at-Tirmidhee, Ahmad, Ibn Maajah and al-Haakim - and authenticated by
al-Bukhaaree. And it is done by using the little finger. (See
'Subul-us-Salaam', 1/48).
46. And Laqeet ibn Sabarah said: Rasoolullah (sallallaahu 'alaihi wa salam)
said Complete the wudoo and wipe between the Asaabi' (fingers and/or toes).
[Abu Dawood (no.142), at-Tirmidhee (no.37), an-Nasaa'ee (no.114), Ibn Maajah
(no.407), al-Hakim (1/148). Al-Albaanee says: Saheeh.]. As-San'aanee says:
It clearly means both the fingers and toes and is shown clearly in the
hadeeth of Ibn 'Abbaas. [Subul-us-Salaam, 1/47].
Allahumma salli wasallim ala Nabiyyina Muhammad. Wasalaam.
Modou Mbye
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