Indeed indeed Haruna. Thanks for the added value.
 
Baba
 

Date: Fri, 11 May 2012 23:18:14 -0400
From: [log in to unmask]
Subject: Re: [G_L] Galleh and Laye: SOme history and culture of the Tuareg (A culture (mixture) of many ethnicities
To: [log in to unmask]

Yes Galleh I agree with you. I am always alert to the bias of narrators of history. Told by a Tuareg (Dr. Zouber) one would expect some bias toward the position of the Tuareg. However, some historical facts are incontrovertible:

1. The Arabs are inhabitants of the lands NORTH of the Sahara desert.
2. Nomadic Arabs ventured south of the Sahara to convert and enslave the black inhabitants south of the Sahara.
3. Their interrelationships produced the mixed peoples collectively called the Tuareg.
4. Azawa was a geographical area in the desert.
5. North Mali comprises parts of the Sahara desert which has been encroaching south for decades/centuries.
6. The Tuareg are overwhelmingly black numerically speaking.
7. The Gadhafaa tribe of south Libya are bedouin nomads who were introduced to Gold by Mansa Moussa.
8. The caravans southward began in earnest after Mansa Moussa's pilgrimmage by desert to Mecca.
9. The language and litterature of the Tamasheq and other Arab bedouin and nomadic tribes bears more resemblance to Arabic, Greek, and Persian cultures than to Songhai, Ghana, and or Mali litterature and language.
10. Arabs colonized the peoples south of the Sahara with the help of Islamic evangelism. Ethiopia was coptic christian and her empires enjoyed close links with Austria, Italy, and the Dutch empires.

Indeed Galleh, a good student of history must be willing to engage in further synthesis of narrative to accrue value from propaganda and political diplomacy. Neither the MNLA, nor Ansaru Ddeen, nor AQMI will dispute the geopolitical character of North Mali. What prompted their claim to North Mali was their loss of southern Libya after the fall of Gadhafi and their permanent dispossession of Algeria to their Arab cousins. Mali was weak militarily to challenge the arsenal they looted from the Libyan government and people. The bedouin people do not now have any place they can obtain refuge in besides their original homeland - The Sahara massifs. And time and good weather has forsaken those lands. They have nurtured deep relations with their slaves and converts, and together with them, the Tuaregs always have North Mali and Western Niger to fall back on. You understand that the Salafist Tuaregs have been fighting for secession from Algeria since time immemorial. Thanx to the overwhelming strength of the Algerian military, those hopes remain but a fleeting illusion. Mauritania is basically an outpost of France, Morocco, and Algeria and therefore no match for the Tuareg. France is heavily invested in the Uranium rich Niger so that is out of the question for now. WHen the Tuareg abducted hostages from Niger, Mauritania, or Algeria, guess where they transported them? North Mali. The weakest link.

Thanks to various sources of literature, Art, Archaeology, song and dance, and cartography, history is not absolutely relative or ambiguous. I think you're just messing with me Galleh. AGAIN!!! It will be interesting to have two or three different griots narrate a particular story. The narrations may vary in syntax, phonetics, and viewpoint, but will be told along similar themes and you can glean the common strand in the theme.
 
Haruna.

-----Original Message-----
From: Baba Galleh Jallow <[log in to unmask]>
To: GAMBIA-L <[log in to unmask]>
Sent: Fri, May 11, 2012 9:48 pm
Subject: Re: [G_L] Galleh and Laye: SOme history and culture of the Tuareg (A culture (mixture) of many ethnicities

Thank you Haruna. The translated bits are very interesting. However, let us rememeber that this account is according to Dr. Mahmoud A Zouber. I am certain that there are currently or potentially versions of Tuareg history that would be quite different in many respects from Dr. Mahmoud Zouber's version.  The argument that "every history is somebody's history and all history stands to be corrected by more history" is a lesson that students of history cannot afford to ignore. I am sure Dr. Mahmoud Zouber, if in fact he is a trained historian, is well aware of the fact that his version of historical events is just that - his version, and not necessarily the immutable truth of the matter.
 
Baba
 

Date: Fri, 11 May 2012 18:48:34 -0400
From: [log in to unmask]
Subject: Re: [G_L] Galleh and Laye: SOme history and culture of the Tuareg (A culture (mixture) of many ethnicities
To: [log in to unmask]

Yes Galleh, I've always thought you knew more French than I did. I will oblige. Please see below the accompanying summary.

-----Original Message-----
From: Baba Galleh Jallow <[log in to unmask]>
To: GAMBIA-L <[log in to unmask]>
Sent: Fri, May 11, 2012 5:42 pm
Subject: Re: [G_L] Galleh and Laye: SOme history and culture of the Tuareg (A culture (mixture) of many ethnicities

Better translate this in English Haruna. Otherwise, I'm afraid it would not be much of a lesson to me because as I admitted here a while ago, I am far from being fluent in Napoleon's language.
 
Baba
 

Date: Fri, 11 May 2012 16:09:09 -0400
From: [log in to unmask]
Subject: [G_L] Galleh and Laye: SOme history and culture of the Tuareg (A culture (mixture) of many ethnicities
To: [log in to unmask]

 By Dr. Mahmoud A Zouber. Haruna - Courtesy: Private Maelstrom.
 
INTERVENTION DU DOCTEUR Mahmoud A. ZOUBER
 
 
 
CONFERENCE  SUR LES KEL TAMASHAQ A LA MAISON DE LA PRESSE
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
SOMMAIRE
 
Aperçu historique
Historical review

La vie socioculturelle des Touaregs
Sociocultural life of the Tuareg

Proclamation de l’indépendance de l’Azawad
Proclamation of Independence for the Azawad nation

Les Touaregs et la gouvernance
The Tuareg and governance
 
La cohabitation des Touaregs avec les populations du soudan occidental
Cohabitation between the Tuareg and the populations of West Soudan.
 
Les Touaregs sont-ils réellement marginalisés au Mali ?
The Tuaregs, were they marginalized in Mali?
 
 
Aperçu historique
Les Touaregs sont certainement parmi les premiers peuples à avoir habité  le Sahara central.  Ils vivaient autour des massifs d’Adrar, d’Ahaggar, d’Aïr et d’Ajjer.
Ils furent pendant des siècles  les maîtres incontestés  des routes commerciales du Sahara jusqu’à  la fin du VIIe siècle de l’ère chrétienne, époque à  laquelle, ils furent poussés plus au sud par les arabes hilaliens qui envahirent l’Afrique du nord.
The Tuareg were among the first people to inhabit Central Sahara (desert). They lived among the Adrar plateau which included Air and Ajjer mountains. They had been for centuries, the uncontested masters of the caravan routes of the Sahara until the end of the seventh century when they (were forced - questionnable. I refer to it as venturing south in evangelism and commerce) further south by their Arab cousins who lived north of the Sahara desert.
Cependant, ils continuèrent à contrôler en partie, les pistes caravanières et commencèrent  à s’adonner à l’élevage.
Le mot touareg, singulier targui est un mot arabe. Les Touaregs eux-mêmes se nomment Kel Tamasheq (ceux qui parlent la langue tamasheq) ou Kel Tagelmoust. (Ceux qui portent le turban en couleur indigo)
In the Sahara, they continued to control the caravan routes herding livestock (on camelback). The word Touareg, Plural for Targui, is an Arab word. They constitute the Kel Tamasheq and the Kel Tagelmoust tribes, defined by linguistic and attire differences.
 
La vie socioculturelle des Touaregs
Les Touaregs possèdent leur propre écriture, un système quasi idéographique, appelé Tifinagh qui dériverait de l’écriture phénicienne de l’Antiquité.
Socialement les Touaregs se classent comme suit :
The Tuareg have their own litterature derived from Arabic etymology called Tifinagh which like Arabic and Latin were phoenician derivatives. These are the social classes of the Tuareg:

1. Les nobles Imouchagh ou Imajaghen sont les guerriers et les chefs

2 .Les tribus maraboutiques Inislimen.
Les Inislimens sont très nombreux, respectés et ont une grande influence sur toutes les communautés Kel Tamachaq

3. Les Imghads : les vasseaux
Ils sont également très nombreux. La plupart d’entre eux sont des guerriers et d’autres de simples bergers. Il  faut signaler qu’entre ces trois catégories il existe d’autres  classes intermédiaires  ou mixtes.
 
4. Les Bellas et les Inhaden
Les Bellas sont les noirs vivant en milieu touareg et ils parlent Tamacheq . Certains Bellas sont  de condition libre (Ibogolliten,Igwelen,Ikoulouten ,Idourfan et Kel Talmen).
 Les Inhaden, eux, sont tous de condition libre. Ils sont les artisans et les artistes en milieu Kel Tamacheq.
 
Proclamation de l’indépendance de l’Azawad        
Le choix d’Azawad comme nom de leur pseudo-Etat, prouve, à suffisance leur ignorance de l’histoire et du passé politique des Touaregs. L’Azawad, forme arabisée du mot tamasheq  Azawa (qui veut dire cuvette), correspond à la bande de terre désertique située entre Tombouctou et Araouane.
The choice of Azawad as name of their pseudo state bespeaks their ignorance of history and their own political past. Azawad, the Arabic form of the Tamasheq word Azawa, corresponds to the desert area between Timboctou and the Arawan oasis.
Cette bande est, de nos jours et fut pendant plusieurs siècles, la zone de parcours des arabes Berabichs et de quelques tribus maraboutiques Kel Tamasheqs arabisées.
(Kel Sidi Aly, Kel Arawan,Kel Worozer et Kel Boujbéha)
This barren land was the domain and trade routes of Arab berbers - Evangelical Arabs - and some evangelical tribes such as the arabized Tamasheq denominations (...............). Kel actually means descended-from so and so.
Les Touaregs et la gouvernance
Comme la plupart des nomades, les Touaregs n’ont jamais songé à créer des Etats structurés, même pendant les périodes où ils ont eu la suprématie dans le Sahara central ; d’où leur manque d’expérience en matière de gouvernance. Leur seul mode de gouvernance était de soumettre les peuples dominés à des razzias ou de prélèvements d’impôts en nature.
Like most of their constituent nomadic tribes, the Tuareg were never interested in creating state structures. Even during the period of their supremacy in the Sahara desert; That is where their diminutive knowledge of governance comes from. Their only manner of governance is empirical theocracy where aided by religion, they imposed territorial tax on their converted slaves and committed them to indentured servitude (The razzias system of remote governance).
 
La cohabitation des touaregs avec les populations du soudan occidental
Au moyen âge,  malgré les razzias pratiqués sur les voisins du sud, les Touaregs acceptèrent d’intégrer les empires et royaumes subsahariens (Ghana, Mali , Songhoï  etc .).
Ils ont même été souvent sollicités pour aider à repousser les tentatives d’invasion des puissances du nord.
In the middle ages, the Tuareg were willing (because warding off French colonization was more important to them for maintaining the spoils of conversion and Islamic colonization) to assimilate in the various indigenous empires - Ghana, Mali, Songhoi, Peulh). They even joined with the empires to resist invasion by northern powers and the French.
On se souvient des guerriers Touaregs qu’Askia Ishaq I a dépêchés à Téghaza pour chasser les soldats envoyés par le sultan saadien du Maroc pour occuper ces salines. 
Au début de la colonisation française, on peut évoquer la réplique du chef des Ifoghas, Attaher Ag Illiyen, le père du Cheikh Intalla aux français en ces termes : « regardez nos oueds, dans quelle direction coulent-elles ? Eh bien nous aussi regardons dans la même direction ? ». Les colonisateurs voulaient rattacher l’Adrar des Ifoghas à l’Algérie.
Par ailleurs, on peut également signaler le refus de certains chefs Touaregs de souscrire à la création de l’O.C.R.S (1950-1958)
We recall the Tuareg warriors such as Askia Ishaq I who chased Sultan Saadi of Morocco's forces out of Teghaza. At the beginning of the French colonization, we can also recall the resistance of the chief of the Ifoghas Attaher Ag Illiyen, father of Cheikh Intalla, against the French with this famous quotation: Watch the direction of flow of the springs and follow. (imprecise). The French colonizers wanted to annex the Adrar of the Ifoghas to Algeria. Further, there was the rasistance of the Tuareg chiefs to subscribe to the idea of the French republics (1950-1958).


Galleh I hope I did some justice to the good doctor's notes. Forgive any errors and omissions,

Haruna.
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