Demba, how are you. I gotta figure out another name for you rather than just call you Cousin Demba. Alfalfa it is. You are always late to a conversation. Right when folk are going to sleep.

[-----Original Message-----
From: Demba Baldeh <[log in to unmask]>  To: GAMBIA-L <[log in to unmask]>
Sent: Tue, Jun 12, 2012 8:46 pm  Subject: Re: [G_L] Mali crisis update: Our friend Moussa Maiga brings us TheGao journal. Haruna.
Right Dr. Jaiteh, coupists are coupist] Alfalfa.

Coupists are coupists, dictators are dictators, criminals are criminals, kings are kings, Imams are Imams, priests are priests, and skydivers are skydivers.

[and am sure Haruna is oppose to them as evidence of his work at GDP..] Alfalfa.

Alfalfa, what evidence of my work at The GDP gives you the impression that I am opposed to coups, elections, or appointments???
It is easy to say you're opposed to something. It is yet another matter entirely to do something about it. I cannot discern the character of all coups so it will be presumptuous of me to oppose coups Alfalfa. In general, and to me, a coup d'etat or de gras, is a mechanism for change. It is most instructive to generate Good change rather than to oppose change wholesale. Democracy teaches us that change is natural. You're best advised to ensure benign change than to oppose change. Alfalfa, you and Barnacle are cool customers for my book. Coming soon. I'll keep you updated on my progress albeit slow.

[That's why am oppose to another military solution to Gambia..] Alfalfa.

What does a military solution look like Alfalfa?

[Coup = backwardness...] Alfalfa.

You should want to find out backwards to where? Alfalfa I need to go with you to Sooriyya.

Haruna.

---

From: Malanding Jaiteh <[log in to unmask]>

Sender: The Gambia and Related Issues Mailing List <[log in to unmask]>

Date: Tue, 12 Jun 2012 18:48:20 -0400

To: <[log in to unmask]>

ReplyTo: The Gambia and Related Issues Mailing List <[log in to unmask]>

Subject: Re: [G_L] Mali crisis update: Our friend Moussa Maiga brings us TheGao journal. Haruna.

Are you sure you are not on the CNRDRE?  I have no patience for coupist!

Thanks for the explanation.

Malanding

Sent from my iPad

On Jun 12, 2012, at 5:42 PM, Haruna <[log in to unmask]> wrote:

Kukeh, don't tie me up for no reason men. Here's my last contribution on this for the day. I got wo to do. In Mali.

[-----Original Message-----
From: Malanding Jaiteh <[log in to unmask]>  To: GAMBIA-L <[log in to unmask]>
Sent: Tue, Jun 12, 2012 3:25 pm  Subject: Re: [G_L] Mali crisis update: Our friend Moussa Maiga brings us TheGao journal. Haruna.

May be Mali 2012 is the movie "The Gods Must be Crazy 4". The military in pursuit of their mandate to maintain "Mali's territorial integrity safeguard of citizen fundamental human rights..." are now sitting on half the country while the other half is given to "the bandits", their words. That's what I call operation was a success but the patient died!] Kukeh.

I understand your anxiety Kukeh. In the case of Mali-2012, coming to a theater near you, the AQMI bandit operation was followed by the CNRDRE intervention, and the patient is Mali. The disease was ATT. The operation is ONGOING at the moment.

[As for your defense of the coupist, I can't believe you call them"interventionist",] Kukeh.

No wonder you appeared a bit uneasy with me Kukeh. You will be delighted to know that I do not defend or support generic coup d'etats. They are disruptive in many respects, for dynasties, dictatorships, military governments, democratic governments, and kingdoms alike. In Mali's case, I stand with the people and nation of Mali and encourage due-diligence for a democratic life.

[will be judged very harshly by history.] Kukeh.

So I will participate in making the history that will be tasked to judge yours truly. The surest way I can be defeated by that idiot is if I cede all engagements to him. I am shocked at your ominous resignation Kukeh. Should you not be by my side fighting clueless history?????

[ATT may have been a military man, but was once your hero and a democrat!] Kukeh.

You have thoroughly misunderstood me Kukeh. Let me try because this is extremely important:
I am my own hero. Like all leaders, I have allies in the fight for justice, the equal administration of justice, rule of constitutional law, and democracy. ATT was one of those allies whose sobrieties and successes I celebrated publicly and who I shared ideas with for a more profuse democracy in Mali. Where I was disappointed with ATT were the following and I made that known to him via several avenues:

1. Participation in the propagation of abductions and general criminality in North Mali by allowing AQMI to use Mali as refuge and storage of their criminal loot.

2. His gross negligence resulting in the weakening of Mali's security institution.

3. His refusal to disband the Kafougouna Kone illegitimate CENI ahead of the presidential elections in which ATT and his government were disinterested custodians.

These were the significant areas of separation between myself and ATT. However, at the advent of the military intervention, I advocated publicly and privately for the safety and security of ATT and his family and prosecution by a competent court for any crimes against Mali and Malians. As a leader, Negligence and malignant incompetence are high crimes.

A democratically-minded leader he was, but ATT was never under any illusion that he were my hero. He understood from which mount I issued my sermons. I was also appreciative of the constraints and enticements of his office.

[The military knew ATT was at the end of his mandate (less than 3 months) and that he was not going to overstay.] Kukeh.

INDEED. And instead of declaring a state of emergency and suspending all election preparation in order to place the country on a war footing when Aguelhoc was overrun and his soldiers massacred like chickens by bandits and weapons he received from Libya, a massacre he was positively implicated in, ATT relied on deceit and fosse bravado to declare the elections on schedule.

[Were they really in for country, they would have fought to the last man defending the north.] Kukeh.

The measure of a soldier's worth or integrity is not in the wars he/she fights but in those unfought wars. The stealthy expeditions for a just war and the open and determined conscientious objections. Kukeh you and I are on different planes when it comes to war and virtue. I could tell that from the way you file your complaints.

When ATT completed his coup, we all presumed it was for God and country, So I decided to accompany him and his government and afford them counsel where possible and appropriate to keep due-north on democracy's compass. I warned against the receipt of soldiers of fortune without disarming them and returning the arms to its rightful owners, the Libyans. I tried to persuade ATT to dispense with the Kafougouna Kone illegitimate CENI along the lines of the Carayol IEC in Gambia. I must admit there was some effort to address the concerns but another religious idiot was appointed to the CENI to give it an air of fosse independence and the composition of the new CENI was not equitable as to the contesting political parties in the impending elections. I was pleased I had company in Hon. Mariko and SADI along with their allied parties. More recently, I stood with the demonstrating military wives who held a Speak-Out at the Koulouba People's House in order to alert ATT of the emergent nature of his incompetence and erstwhile negligence. This is where we are today.

When Dadis completed his coup, I presumed it to be for God and Country so I called it the CNDD intervention. What I did then was to monitor Dadid and the CNDD more closely so I can accompany them in sobriety and dissuade them from errant wayfaring. My first caution to Dadis came when I realized he was being coaxed and cajoled to change his mind from his earlier more sober declaration that neither he nor any other member of the CNDD would participate in the impending La-Guinea elections. You may remember Kukeh that I was all over Dadis and that was not only at Ellen. I had to make sure he understood that the price of my support and accompaniment was due-diligence in sobriety and wise counsel. The next time my reprimand came was when alleged CNDD thugs harassed and assaulted civil society demonstrations against Dadis or the CNDD's stealthy change of mind vis-a-vis the La-Guinea elections when the pro-CNDD group "Dadis Must Stay" was accorded pomp and pageantry when they demonstrated for Dadis to change his mind. You remmember Kukeh?

When Captain Sanogo and his fellow officers mutinied, I presumed they did it for God and Country. It was additional divine intervention that the mutiny transmogrified into a full-blown military coup. If I were in ATT's position, I would have declared a state of emergency for war, suspended the demarche for elections, and placed the nation on a war footing. In the absence of that, I would resign as President instead of invite a coup d'etat, regardless of how many minutes, days, or weeks I had left in my presidency. When Mali is attacked and or even one sq. mile of Mali territory is under threat or in war, the maintenance of ATT's legacy or elections are inutile, ill-advised, and foolhardy. Although I did not condone nor condemn the CNRDRE intervention, I encouraged all soldiers (including the Red Berets) and political parties to accompany the CNRDRE in recovery lost territory and in sanctioning potential excesses of ECOWAS and France. I also discouraged the wanton arrests of former officials of the ATT government without proper warrant or charge and prosecution by a competent court. I am happy to report to you that almost all of the officials arrested are now free even though some injury suffered by some was regrettable and ill-advised. And even though the CNRDRE was not responsible for the assault on interim President Dioncounda Traore, who currently recovers in France, I blame them for gross negligence in not providing adequate security for him at the time the assault took place by a mob at his office.

[But I guess they are the typical soldiers with a different.] Malanding

We will have to take their words for it and make sure we hold them to those words. Kukeh don't play with me men.
Haruna.


On 6/12/2012 2:06 PM, Haruna wrote:

Kukeh, the PRECEPT is from yours truly or Dabo-Jula as you behold. That means your beef is with me. Maiga's journal begins and ends as stated. Columbians!!!!!!!!!!!!

Now as to your anxieties variously (I knew I shouldn't have translated nuttin'.);

[Haruna, Thank you for the summary but I still have many complaints. What do they mean by "democratic governance"] Barnacle Kukeh

Democratic Governance is that governance Kukeh will decide he prefers and then come together with his fellow citizens (Haruna, Beanstalk, Nyamorkono, Galleh, Saiks, Cherokee, Kabir, Bilal, Hernando-Ky, Bailo, Yero the tree Tilo the sun, and all other desiring fellow citizens, to draw up a contract (constitution) and set about implementing.

[when we have a bunch of self-imposed "saviors" hunting down some members of the community, so-called enemies?] Kukeh.

Self-imposed saviors are clansmen, tribesmen, dictators, Oligarchs, Theocrats, MNLA bandits, AQMI armed robbers, Kings, Czars, etcetera. What're you talking about Kukeh? That is what democratic governance eschews. I don't really know what you're gettin at Kukeh!!

[What is the difference between the time of "clan and tribal dynasties" and the time of these so-called military rulers?] Kukeh.

What military rulers are you talking about Kukeh? I hope it is not the interventionist CNRDRE?????? If that is whom you infer, the CNRDRE offered Mali a new lease on democratic life. They ushered in the requisite hard-turn or mid-course correction that is required to reorient for democratic governance. In as much as democracy is the preferred way of life for the world's people, negligence and reckless abandon threaten to derail it. Democracy must be maintained just as we maintain our homes and family. It requires routine review and adaptation because it not discrete. Democracy is as dynamic as our life and nature are. Infact it is because we are dynamic beings and nature is a collection of dynamic processes that democracy is implicitly dynamic. A lazy people cannot accrue any meaningful democratic life/governance.

The difference between clan and tribal dynasties and military governance is an entirely separate comparative study Kukeh. That has nothing to do with democratic governance or life. The comparative governance study you suggest Kukeh promises to be inspirational. Right out of the gate I could offer you the following:

A clan is a collection of distinct and closely related families.
A tribe is a collection of such clans associated by industry and culture.
A military is a security and defense mechanism for a nation of clans and or tribes. 
.... in increasing order of governance superiority.

[Do they want us to believe that peace have finally arrive in Mali?] Kukeh.

I don't think you've had your daily ration of Rwandan coffee yet Kukeh. Does who want us to believe .....? Everything before Maiga's journal comes from me, myself, and I. And I am not trying to convince anyone about war or peace coming to Mali. Based on Maiga's journal about existing conditions in Gao, I made a pivot for democracy. Obviously Mali is not at peace and for good reason. Half of the territory is occupied by armed bandits and a coterie of theocratic criminals. What're you talking about Kukeh???? I refuse to believe that what I or Maiga shared can provoke such confusion in the eminent Kukeh. WHat troubles you Kukeh???? I don't understand. You are not asking the right questions of me or Maiga.

[Call it the operation was a success but the patience died] Kukeh.

Hangh???????????? What operation???????? What patient died???????? Kukeh are you referring to the CNRDRE intervention or the bandits' overrunning of Aguelhoc or the MNLA secessionist movement for more comprehensive banditry?? For primer, I share with you that the CNRDRE is an adhoc committee formed by the interventionist Kati military officers. The Kati military base is the third largest base and the largest in Mali in terms of operational and logistical scope. The mutiny and intervention was preceded by demonstrations of military children just after Aquelhoc and Tessalit were overrun by the armed bandits resulting in the massacre of their parents. The military children of the Aguelhoc and Tessalit soldiers were not only from Kati region. In fact most of them are from Kita Region where the pritanee militaire is located. The soldiers of the Aguelhoc and Tessalit bases came from the district of Bamako, Kayes, Segou, Sikasso, Timbuktou, Koulicoro, Gao, Mopti, and Kidal regions - bref, all of Mali's regions. The CNRDRE committee included military officers from other bases. The only ones who were recalcitrant to join the CNRDRE were the officers in ATT's guard corps which are the elite commandos called the Berets Rouges (Red-berets). ATT launched his coup d'etat some decades ago as part of this elite commando corps. They were the favourite corps of ATT's governments and they benefitted inordinately in remuneration, development, equipment, and emoluments at the expense of the other military and security divisions. The reason why they couldn't bring themselves to join their fellow officers of the Mali security corps was because they wanted to maintain those privileges and return ATT to leadership of Mali. That is unconscionable.

Kukeh, the reason why the masses and some conscientious politicians like Mariko supported the CNRDRE intervention was because the CNRDRE and the interventionist were fighting for the soul of Mali and they formed the majority of Mali's security corps - the one that is charged with the maintenance of Mali's territorial integrity and the safeguard of citizen fundamental human rights delineated in the Mali constitution. I think you already know that ATT was a military man. Does this mean his government was a military government???? Perhaps. Perhaps not. All Malians know is that he was found grossly negligent bordering on high treason for nurturing such fatal discrimination within the security structure. This led to the reckless abandon of Mali soldiers in Tessalit and Aguelhoc at the Algerian border. ATT was also grossly negligent in welcoming and receiving the former Tuareg soldiers of fortune in the Gaddafi militias along with the arms and munitions they stole from the armories of the Libyan people. This constituted theft by affording sanctuary to thieves and stolen goods. You wanna know what happened when the soldiers of Kidal and Gao fled to neighboring Niger and Burkina????? They were dispossessed of their arms and munitions at the borders by the soldiers of these nations. These arms and munitions are the property of the people and nation of Mali and must be returned to the rightful owners or used for the benefit of those owners. So whenever we get ready to fuck the criminal clerics up, those arms and munitions will come in handy.

Kukeh I don't know what your beef is with the interventionist CNRDRE or the people of Mali but without the relevant questions, this is the best I can do. You surprised me Kukeh. Of all people, I would think you can appreciate complex issues like these more readily.

Haruna. Over and out. I am not too happy with you right about now. BTW, Mali has a mixed civilo-military transitional government that does not include the CNRDRE interventionist officers or former ATT government officials. There's much to be said for the CNRDRE self-lessness. For God and country.

-----Original Message-----
From: Malanding Jaiteh <[log in to unmask]>
To: GAMBIA-L <[log in to unmask]>
Sent: Tue, Jun 12, 2012 12:51 pm
Subject: Re: [G_L] Mali crisis update: Our friend Moussa Maiga brings us TheGao journal. Haruna.

Haruna,
Thank you for the summary but I still have many complaints. What do they mean by "democratic governance" when we have a bunch of self-imposed "saviors" hunting down some members of the community, so-called enemies?  What is the difference between the time of "clan and tribal dynasties" and the time of these so-called military rulers? Do they want us to believe that peace have finally arrive in Mali? Call it the operation was a success but the patience died".

"Given the choice between imperial , bla bla bla, I don't want to hear it, Haruna! Sorry

Either the write is trying to divert out attention to the real tragedy that is Mali 2012 or he doe not see beyond his nose!

Malanding Jaiteh

ps. Darbo Jula, nothing personal, just troubled by what these so-called patriots have done to Mali


On 6/12/2012 12:27 PM, Haruna wrote:

One of the values of democratic governance is the treatment of water and the general distribution of potable water through a network of pipes and canals that is funded by the citizens. This to prevent illness from water-borne disease, reduce the frequency of communal conflict over scarce water resources. Throw in that mix communities of nomadic tribesmen who often have to roam for water and pasture destroying crop farms along the way and acting as newer vectors of disease and crime.

during the times of clan and tribal dynasties, only the affluent could afford boreholes of any significant depth to provide for their herd, family, or clan and to colonize communal oases whose water and forage supply in intermittent and unreliable. Whole communities moved from place to place as nomadic merchants of conflict and crime as global wild and untreated water supplies dwindled leaving in its wake death, famine, and pestilence.

In the advent of democratic governance, we decided to pool our resources and choose among us a number of our fellow citizens to take turns in maintaining a regime of water treatment and distribution facilities instead of "each on his/her own". One person, family, clan, tribe, or religious congregation no longer has a monopoly on our natural resources such as water at the expense of another person, family, clan, tribe, or congregation. This also enabled the ban on inter-communal slavery and destitution aided by galloping and unchecked population growth.

Given the choice between imperial, dictatorial, family, clan, tribal, or religious dynasty, I choose a democratic life. What about you?

Here is Moussa Maiga on existing conditions in Gao: And for Kukeh, I have transummarized to the best of my ability. Hernando-Ky I don't wanna hear it. Haruna.

Gawo : Pénurie d’eau  et de …..

Depuis déjà les premiers jours de vie « azawadienne », l’eau potable, a commencé à être une denrée rare à Gawo, comme partout en zone occupée par les groupes armés. Les robinets ne donnaient qu’à compte-gouttes et souvent tard la nuit. A présent et cela depuis quelques jours, l’eau de robinet ne se voit presque plus. Les populations se rabattent sur l’eau d’un fleuve stagnant vu la décrue, souvent infesté de petits vers. Ce fleuve (Isabero) se trouve à quelques 10km de certains quartiers de la ville.

Since the first days of Azawad (Targui) life, potable water has become a rare commodity in Gao as in other counties occupied by the armed bandits. The taps issue trickles of water, often only at night. Now, the taps have run completely dry. The people agony over stagnant pools of water. One of these lifeless pools is the Isabero river found some 10 kilometers from the closest communities of Gao city.

 Les transporteurs d’eau qui vendaient le fût (200L) d’eau habituellement à 550CFA le vendent ces jours ci à 1500CFA,soit environ une hausse de 200%. Plusieurs raisons sont avancées par les habitants ; dont la plus crédible (source un agent de l’EDM de Gawo réfugié à Bamako) à mon avis est à chercher du coté de la société de production et de distribution (EDM).


The water hawkers (a legend of earlier times) who used to sell rations of 200L at the premium price of 550 Fcfa ($1.25) now demand 1,500 Fcfa ($3.00) for the same volume of water. And get this; with Sarko's suggested devaluation of the Fcfa, the EURO zone gets half of that $3.00 from the vendor because as he convinced us all, France invested an enormous amount in colonizing Mali, Senegal, Burkina, La-Guinea, Niger, and Codiwarr among others. Besides Sarko's idiocy, several reasons are to blame for this sudden jump in the price of a 200L ziploc bag of water. The most credible according to a worker at the county water and energy authority (EDM) who is now refuged in Bamako, can be found with EDM.
 
Il s’agit d’une convergence de plusieurs « petits » problèmes qui sont : l’assèchement des bassins d’eau, le rationnement de carburant ( le CICR donnerait dix litres de gasoil par semaine)  et le manque de compétences appropriées ; il n’y a présentement à Gawo que deux techniciens locaux comme seules compétences, plus des manœuvres (ouvriers non qualifiés) pour faire  fonctionner le réseau d’eau et d’électricité de la ville. Il faut s’attendre dans les jours à venir, si rien n’est fait urgemment, que la ville se vide davantage de ses habitants.

It has to do with a combination of several petit problems namely; the dwindling water storage volume (the water has to actually be pumped in for treatment and distribution, and that is done by our county water works/workers), the rationing of fuel (The theocratic bandits ration fuel at 10L/wk), and the paucity of competent utility workers at the water and electricity plants. If nothing is urgently done in the next few days, Gao town will empty of its remaining population to be refuged elsewhere. WOnder where?
 

Le Hic : D’après les radios libres (privées) de la ville, plus de trois mille congélateurs et réfrigérateurs étaient installés dans le Camp militaire de Gawo et environ quatre cents autres dans le camp des gardes.  Avant la fuite de l’armée nationale, les femmes des camps avaient presque  le monopole de la vente de glace et des boissons rafraichissantes locales (lemourhari nda  wara).  Une cousine, au téléphone me disait ce soir même « nous manquons  d’eau et aussi de glace sous cette chaleur étouffante, les femmes des sojey (soldats) ne sont plus là…». Je n’ai pas pu m’empêcher de rire d’elle malgré la gravité de la situation.

According to the community radio stations, more than 3000 icemakers and refrigerators had been installed at the Gao military camp and close to 400 others were at the national guard camp. Before the military fled the advancing bandits, military wives and women had the monopoly on ice-hawking and the trade in fresh drinks - lemonade, ginger ale, mango and orange juices, wonjo, leminaati kabandingo, mboosi ice, smoothies, etc.. A cousin of mine shared with me over the telephone that water and ice are extremely scarce in this God-forsaken desert and the military women have fled with their husbands and families. She couldn't even bring herself to be amused for fear of her jaws locking at the dehydrating listlessness.

MAYGA ABDOU M.

Transummary by Haruna. 

¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤ To unsubscribe/subscribe or view archives of postings, go to the Gambia-L Web interface at: http://listserv.icors.org/archives/gambia-l.html

To Search in the Gambia-L archives, go to: http://listserv.icors.org/SCRIPTS/WA-ICORS.EXE?S1=gambia-l To contact the List Management, please send an e-mail to: [log in to unmask] ¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤

¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤ To unsubscribe/subscribe or view archives of postings, go to the Gambia-L Web interface at: http://listserv.icors.org/archives/gambia-l.html

To Search in the Gambia-L archives, go to: http://listserv.icors.org/SCRIPTS/WA-ICORS.EXE?S1=gambia-l To contact the List Management, please send an e-mail to: [log in to unmask] ¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤ ¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤ To unsubscribe/subscribe or view archives of postings, go to the Gambia-L Web interface at: http://listserv.icors.org/archives/gambia-l.html

To Search in the Gambia-L archives, go to: http://listserv.icors.org/SCRIPTS/WA-ICORS.EXE?S1=gambia-l To contact the List Management, please send an e-mail to: [log in to unmask] ¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤

¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤ To unsubscribe/subscribe or view archives of postings, go to the Gambia-L Web interface at: http://listserv.icors.org/archives/gambia-l.html

To Search in the Gambia-L archives, go to: http://listserv.icors.org/SCRIPTS/WA-ICORS.EXE?S1=gambia-l To contact the List Management, please send an e-mail to: [log in to unmask] ¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤