East Africa: journalists’ graveyard
In Somalia (175th, -11) 18 journalists were killed, caught up in bomb attacks or the direct targets of murder, making 2012 the deadliest in history for the country’s media. The Horn of Africa state was the second most dangerous country in the world for those working in news and information, behind Syria. In Eritrea (in last place in the index for the sixth successive year), no journalists were killed but some were left to die, which amounts to the same thing. With at least 30 behind bars, it is Africa’s biggest prison for journalists. Of 11 incarcerated since 2001, seven have died as a result of prison conditions or have killed themselves. Since the independent media were abolished more than 10 years ago, there are no independent Eritrean news outlets, other than outside the country, and terror prevails.
East Africa is also a region of censorship and crackdowns. Omar al-Bashir’s Sudan, where more newspapers were seized and the arrests of journalists continued during the summer, is stuck firmly in 170th place, in the bottom 10 of the index. Djibouti (167th, -8), which also has no independent media, detained a correspondent of the foreign-based news site La Voix de Djibouti. Despite the release of two Swedish journalists arrested in 2011, Ethiopia(137th) fell ten places because of its repressive application of the 2009 anti-terrorist law and the continued detention of several local journalists.
Political unrest in Mali and the Central African Republic
Mali (99th, -74), which was long presented as the continent’s star performer in democracy and press freedom, was prey to the political events that overtook it during the year. The military coup in Bamako on 22 March and the seizure of the north of the country by Touareg separatists and Islamic fundamentalists exposed news organizations to censorship and abuses. Many northern radio stations stopped broadcasting, while in the capital several Malian and foreign journalists were assaulted. All these occurred before the external military intervention in January 2013.
The Central African Republic was ranked 65th in 2012. Events after the outbreak of the Seleka rebellion at the very end of the year (radio stations ransacked, one journalist killed) were not taken into consideration in this index, thus preventing the country from falling more than 50 places. These will be included in the 2014 version. In Guinea-Bissau (92nd, -17) a media blackout and military censorship that followed the coup on 12 April explain that country’s drop.
Africa’s predatory censors
Yahya Jammeh, King Mswati III, Paul Kagame, and Teodoro Obiang Nguema, together with other heads of state such as Issaias Afeworki (Eritrea) and Ismael Omar Guelleh (Djibouti) are members of an exclusive club of authoritarian African leaders, some eccentric others stern, who hold their countries in an iron grasp and keep a firm grip on news and information. Their countries, respectively Gambia (152nd), Swaziland (155th), Rwanda (161st) and Equatorial Guinea (166th), are all among the bottom 30 in the index. Media pluralism has been whittled away and criticism of the head of state discouraged.
The biggest losses
Chad, which fell 18 places to 121st, saw journalists harassed and roughed up, the publication of the newspaper N’Djamena Bi-Hebdo temporarily halted and its publisher sentenced to a suspended prison term, and a highly repressive bill kept under wraps. The slow but sure progress that followed the formation of a national unity government in Zimbabwe (133rd, -16) in 2009 and the granting of publication licences to several independent newspapers appeared to have stalled. Violence and arrests of journalists still niggle and if elections go ahead as planned in 2013, the atmosphere for the media promises to be tense. Relatively high placed in 2011-2012, South Sudan (124th) fell 12 places after the murder of a columnist – the first killing of its kind in the new country – as news organizations and journalists awaited the approval of three new laws on the media.
Despite the holding of a national media conference in Cameroon (120th, -23), the future of the sector remains both uncertain and worrying. In the upper reaches of the index, Niger (43rd) nonetheless fell 14 places as a result of the irresponsibility of a few journalists who succumbed to the temptation to abuse the freedom that they enjoyed. Within the space of four months in Tanzania(70th, -36), one journalist was killed while he was covering a demonstration and another was found dead, a clear victim of murder.
Burundi (132nd) fell only two places but remains a low position. Summonses of journalists declined but the case of Hassan Ruvakuki, given a life sentence reduced to three years on appeal, has created an atmosphere of fear among the media.
Return to normality
After a dreadful year in 2011, marked by the dictatorial behaviour of the late President Bingu Wa Mutharika, a violent crackdown on demonstrations and the murder of the blogger Robert Chasowa, Malawi (75th) recorded the biggest jump in the entire index, up 71 places, close to the position it held in 2010. Similarly, Cote d’Ivoire rose 63 places to 96th despite persistent problems. It had plummeted in the previous index because of a post-election crisis and the murders of a journalist and another media worker, as well as the civil conflict that broke out in Abidjan in April. Uganda (104th) was up 35 places thanks to a better year, but things were far from satisfactory as far as the media were concerned. The year ended with President Yoweri Museveni making open threats to several radio stations.
Promising gains
For Senegal (59th, +16), 2012 was a year of hope. The presidential election took place in a peaceful atmosphere for the media, despite a few regrettable assaults on journalists, and President Macky Sall, who had declared himself willing to decriminalize press offences, took office. Much remains to be proved in 2013, as was illustrated by the prison sentence handed down on a journalist in December.
In Liberia (97th, +13), the presidential election in November 2011 had been tainted by the closure of several media outlets and attacks on journalists. In 2012, the atmosphere improved greatly. In the summer, President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf became the second African head of state, after Mahamadou Issoufou of Niger, to sign the Declaration of Table Mountain, thereby undertaking to promote media freedom.
Namibia (19th), Cape Verde (25th) and Ghana (30th) maintained their record as the highest ranked African countries.
After the “Arab springs” and other protest movements that prompted many rises and falls in last year’s index, the 2013 Reporters Without Borders World Press Freedom Index marks a return to a more usual configuration.
The ranking of most countries is no longer attributable to dramatic political developments. This year’s index is a better reflection of the attitudes and intentions of governments towards media freedom in the medium or long term.
The same three European countries that headed the index last year hold the top three positions again this year. For the third year running, Finland has distinguished itself as the country that most respects media freedom. It is followed by the Netherlands and Norway.
Although many criteria are considered, ranging from legislation to violence against journalists, democratic countries occupy the top of the index while dictatorial countries occupy the last three positions. Again it is the same three as last year – Turkmenistan, North Koreaand Eritrea.
“The Press Freedom Index published by Reporters Without Borders does not take direct account of the kind of political system but it is clear that democracies provide better protection for the freedom to produce and circulate accurate news and information than countries where human rights are flouted,” Reporters Without Borders secretary-general Christophe Deloire said.
“In dictatorships, news providers and their families are exposed to ruthless reprisals, while in democracies news providers have to cope with the media’s economic crises and conflicts of interest. While their situation is not always comparable, we should pay tribute to all those who resist pressure whether it is aggressively focused or diffuse.”
Reporters Without Borders launches media freedom "indicator"
Coinciding with the release of its 2013 Press Freedom Index, Reporters Without Borders is for the first time publishing an annual global “indicator” of worldwide media freedom. This new analytic tool measures the overall level of freedom of information in the world and the performance of the world’s governments in their entirety as regards this key freedom.
In view of the emergence of new technologies and the interdependence of governments and peoples, the freedom to produce and circulate news and information needs to be evaluated at the planetary as well as national level. Today, in 2013, the media freedom “indicator” stands at 3395, a point of reference for the years to come.
The indicator can also be broken down by region and, by means of weighting based on the population of each region, can be used to produce a score from zero to 100 in which zero represents total respect for media freedom. This produces a score of 17.5 for Europe, 30.0 for the Americas, 34.3 for Africa, 42.2 for Asia-Pacific and 45.3 for the former Soviet republics. Despite the Arab springs, the Middle East and North Africa region comes last with 48.5.
The high number of journalists and netizens killed in the course of their work in 2012 (the deadliest year ever registered by Reporters Without Borders in its annual roundup), naturally had an a significant impact on the ranking of the countries where these murders took place, above all Somalia (175th, -11), Syria (176th, 0), Mexico (153rd, -4) and Pakistan (159th, -8).
From top to bottom
The Nordic countries have again demonstrated their ability to maintain an optimal environment for news providers. Finland (1st, 0), Netherlands (2nd, +1) and Norway (3rd, -2) have held on to the first three places. Canada (20th, -10) only just avoided dropping out of the top 20. Andorra (5th) and Liechtenstein (7th) have entered the index for the first time just behind the three leaders.
At the other end of the index, the same three countries as ever – Turkmenistan, North Koreaand Eritrea – occupy the last three places in the index. Kim Jong-un’s arrival at the head of the Hermit Kingdom has not in any way changed the regime’s absolute control of news and information. Eritrea (179th, 0), which was recently shaken by a brief mutiny by soldiers at the information ministry, continues to be a vast open prison for its people and lets journalists die in detention. Despite its reformist discourse, the Turkmen regime has not yielded an inch of its totalitarian control of the media.
For the second year running, the bottom three countries are immediately preceded bySyria (176th, 0), where a deadly information war is being waged, and Somalia (175th, -11), which has had a deadly year for journalists. Iran (174th, +1), China (173rd, +1), Vietnam(unchanged at 172nd), Cuba (171st, -4), Sudan (170th, 0) and Yemen (169th, +2) complete the list of the ten countries that respect media freedom least. Not content with imprisoning journalists and netizens, Iran also harasses the relatives of journalists, including the relatives of those who are abroad.
Big rises...
Malawi (75th, +71) registered the biggest leap in the index, almost returning to the position it held before the excesses at the end of the Mutharika administration. Côte d’Ivoire (96th, +63), which is emerging from the post-electoral crisis between the supporters of Laurent Gbagbo and Alassane Ouattara, has also soared, attaining its best position since 2003. Burma (151st, +18) continued the ascent begun in last year’s index. Previously, it had been in the bottom 15 every year since 2002 but now, thanks to the Burmese spring’s unprecedented reforms, it has reached its best-ever position. Afghanistan (128th, +22) also registered a significant rise thanks to the fact that no journalists are in prison. It is nonetheless facing many challenges, especially with the withdrawal of foreign troops.
...and big falls
Mali (99th, -74) registered the biggest fall in the index as a result of all the turmoil in 2012. The military coup in Bamako on 22 March and the north’s takeover by armed Islamists and Tuareg separatists exposed the media in the north to censorship and violence. Tanzania(70th, -36) sank more than 30 places because, in the space of four months, a journalist was killed while covering a demonstration and another was murdered.
Buffeted by social and economic protests, the Sultanate of Oman (141st) sank 24 places, the biggest fall in the Middle East and North Africa in 2012. Some 50 netizens and bloggers were prosecuted on lèse majesté or cyber-crime charges in 2012. No fewer than 28 were convicted in December alone, in trials that trampled on defence rights.
Journalists in Israel (112th, -20) enjoy real freedom of expression despite the existence of military censorship but the country fell in the index because of the Israeli military’s targeting of journalists in the Palestinian Territories.
In Asia, Japan (53rd, -31) has been affected by a lack of transparency and almost zero respect for access to information on subjects directly or indirectly related to Fukushima. This sharp fall should sound an alarm. Malaysia (145th, -23) has fallen to its lowest-ever position because access to information is becoming more andmore limited. The same situation prevails in Cambodia (143rd, -26), where authoritarianism and censorship are on the increase.Macedonia (116th, -22) has also fallen more than 20 places following the arbitrary withdrawal of media licences and deterioration in the environment for journalists.
Varied impact of major protest movements
Last year’s index was marked by the Arab spring’s major news developments and the heavy price paid by those covering the protest movements. A range of scenarios has been seen in 2012, including countries such as Tunisia, Egypt and Libya, where regime change has taken place, countries such as Syria and Bahrain where uprisings and the resulting repression are still ongoing, and countries such as Morocco, Algeria, Oman, Jordan and Saudi Arabia, where the authorities have used promises and compromise to defuse calls for political and/or social and economic change.
Some of the new governments spawned by these protests movements have turned on the journalists and netizens who covered these movements’ demands and aspirations for more freedom. What with legal voids, arbitrary appointments of state media chiefs, physical attacks, trials and a lack of transparency, Tunisia (138th, -4) and Egypt (158th, +8) have remained at a deplorable level in the index and have highlighted the stumbling blocks that Libya (131st, +23) should avoid in order to maintain its transition to a free press.
The deadliest country for journalists in 2012 was Syria (176th, 0), where journalists and netizens are the victims of an information war waged by both the Assad regime, which stops at nothing in order to crack down and impose a news blackout, and by opposition factions that are increasingly intolerant of dissent. In Bahrain (165th, +8) the repression let up slightly, while in Yemen (169th, +2) the prospects continue to be disturbing despite a change of government. Oman (141st, -24) fell sharply because of a wave of arrests of netizens.
Other countries hit by protests saw changes for the better and worse. Vietnam (172nd, 0) failed to recover the six places it lost in the previous index. The world’s second biggest prison for netizens, it has remained in the bottom ten. Uganda (104th, +35) has recovered a more appropriate position although it has not gone back to where it was before cracking down on protests in 2011.
Azerbaijan (156th, +6) and Belarus (157th, +11) both fell last year after using violence to suppress opposition demonstrations and this year they just moved back towards their appalling former positions. Chile (60th, +20) is beginning to recover after plummeting 33 places to 80th in last year’s index.
Political instability puts journalists in the eye of the storm
Political instability often has a divisive effect on the media and makes it very difficult to produce independently-reported news and information. In such situations, threats and physical attacks on journalists and staff purges are common. Maldives (103rd, -30) fell sharply after the president’s removal in an alleged coup, followed by threats and attacks on journalists regarded as his supporters. In Paraguay (91st, -11), the president’s removal in a parliamentary “coup” on 22 June 2012 had a big impact on state-owned broadcasting, with a wave of arbitrary dismissals against a backdrop of unfair frequency allocation.
Guinea-Bissau (92nd, -17) fell sharply because the army overthrew the government between the first and second rounds of a presidential election and imposed military censorship on the media. In Mali (99th, -74), a military coup fuelled tension, many journalists were physically attacked in the capital and the army now controls the state-owned media. This index does not reflect the January 2013 turmoil in the Central African Republic (65th, -3) but its impact on media freedom is already a source of extreme concern.
“Regional models” found wanting
In almost all parts of the world, influential countries that are regarded as “regional models” have fallen in the index. Brazil (108th, -9), South America’s economic engine, continued last year’s fall because five journalists were killed in 2012 and because of persistent problems affecting media pluralism.
In Asia, India (140th, -9) is at its lowest since 2002 because of increasing impunity for violence against journalists and because Internet censorship continues to grow. China (173rd, +1) shows no sign of improving. Its prisons still hold many journalists and netizens, while increasingly unpopular Internet censorship continues to be a major obstacle to access to information.
In Eastern Europe, Russia (148th, -6) has fallen again because, since Vladimir Putin’s return to the presidency, repression has been stepped up in response to an unprecedented wave of opposition protests. The country also continues to be marked by the unacceptable failure to punish all those who have murdered or attacked journalists. The political importance ofTurkey (154th, -6) has grown even more because of the armed conflict in neighbouring Syria but it has again fallen in the index. It is currently the world’s biggest prison for journalists, especially those who express views critical of the authorities on the Kurdish issue.
There is no comparison with South Africa (52nd, -10), where freedom of information is a reality. It still has a respectable ranking but it has been slipping steadily in the index and, for the first time, is no longer in the top 50. Investigative journalism is threatened by the Protection of State Information Bill.
Democracies that stall or go into reverse
The situation is unchanged for much of the European Union. Sixteen of its members are still in the top 30. But the European model is unravelling. The bad legislation seen in 2011 continued, especially in Italy (57th, +4), where defamation has yet to be decriminalized and state agencies make dangerous use of gag laws. Hungary (56th, -16) is still paying the price of its repressive legislative reforms, which had a major impact on the way journalists work. But Greece’s dramatic fall (84th, -14) is even more disturbing. The social and professional environment for its journalists, who are exposed to public condemnation and violence from both extremist groups and the police, is disastrous.
Japan (53rd, -31) plummeted because of censorship of nuclear industry coverage and its failure to reform the “kisha club” system. This is an alarming fall for a country that usually has a good ranking. Argentina (54th, -7) fell amid growing tension and clashes between the government and certain privately-owned media about a new law regulating the broadcast media.
L’Afrique de l’Est, cimetière pour journalistes
En Somalie (175ème place, -11), dix-huit professionnels de l’information ont été tués, victimes d’attentats à la bombe ou directement visés dans des assassinats ciblés, faisant de l’année 2012 la plus meurtrière de l’histoire pour la presse de ce pays. Cet État de la corne de l’Afrique fut en 2012 le deuxième pays le plus dangereux au monde pour les acteurs de l’information après la Syrie. En Érythrée (179ème, dernière place du classement pour la sixième année consécutive), on ne tue pas, mais on laisse mourir, ce qui revient à peu près au même. La plus grande prison d’Afrique pour les journalistes en renferme au moins une trentaine. Sur les onze incarcérés depuis 2001, sept ont succombé à leurs conditions de détention ou se sont suicidés. Depuis la suspension de la presse privée il y a plus de dix ans, les médias indépendants n’existent pas, sauf en exil, et la terreur règne.
L’est du continent est aussi une terre de censure et de répression. Le Soudan d’Omar el-Béchir, où les confiscations de journaux n’ont pas cessé et où de nombreux journalistes ont été interpellés pendant l’été, reste bien ancré à la 170ème place, parmi les dix derniers pays au classement. Djibouti (167ème, -8), pays sans presse privée, a détenu, pendant plus de trois mois, un collaborateur du site d’informations La Voix de Djibouti. Malgré la libération de deux journalistes suédois arrêtés en 2011, l’Éthiopie (137ème) perd dix places en raison de l’application liberticide de la loi anti-terroriste de 2009 et du maintien en détention de plusieurs journalistes locaux.
Troubles politiques au Mali et en Centrafrique
Longtemps présenté comme un bon élève du continent en matière de démocratie et de liberté de la presse, le Mali (99ème, -74 soit la plus forte chute au niveau mondial) paie la situation dans laquelle le pays a sombré en 2012. Le putsch militaire du 22 mars à Bamako et la prise du nord du pays par les indépendantistes touaregs et fondamentalistes islamistes ont exposé les médias à la censure et aux exactions. De nombreuses radios du Nord ont alors interrompu leurs programmes tandis que plusieurs journalistes, maliens ou étrangers, ont été agressés dans la capitale. Autant d’exactions relevées avant l’intervention militaire de janvier 2013.
Sur l’année 2012, la République centrafricaine occupe la 65ème place. Les événements survenus depuis le début de la rébellion du Séléka, en toute fin d’année (des radios saccagées, une journaliste tuée), ne sont pas pris en compte dans ce classement, évitant au pays une chute de plus de cinquante places. Cette nette dégradation sera prise en compte dans l’édition 2014. Enfin, le black out médiatique et la censure militaire qui ont accompagné le coup d’État du 12 avril dernier justifient le recul de dix-sept places de la Guinée-Bissau (92ème).
Les pays des “prédateurs censeurs”
Yahya Jammeh, le roi Mswati III, Paul Kagamé, et Teodoro Obiang Nguema forment, avec des chefs d’État comme Issaias Afeworki (Érythrée) ou Ismaël Omar Guelleh (Djibouti), un club semble-t-il prisé : celui des dirigeants africains – fantasques ou austères, tous autoritaires – qui tiennent leur pays d’une main de fer et contrôlent très étroitement l’information. Leurs pays respectifs, la Gambie (152ème), le Swaziland (155ème), le Rwanda (161ème), et la Guinée équatoriale (166ème), se situent tous dans les trente dernières places du classement. Le pluralisme y est réduit à peau de chagrin, et la critique du chef de l’État fortement déconseillée.
Des baisses très significatives
Plusieurs journalistes inquiétés voire malmenés, N’Djaména Bi-Hebdotemporairement suspendu, son directeur condamné à de la prison avec sursis, un projet de loi tenu secret mais fortement liberticide : le Tchad (121ème) perd cette année 18 places. Après une lente mais sûre progression depuis la formation du gouvernement d’union nationale en 2009 et les licences accordées à des quotidiens indépendants, le Zimbabwe (133ème, -16) marque le pas. La violence et les arrestations de journalistes sont lancinantes et si des élections se tiennent, comme prévu, en 2013, ce sera dans un climat tendu pour la presse. Relativement bien classé en 2011-2012, le Soudan du Sud (124ème) perd treize places après l’assassinat d’un éditorialiste – le premier dans l’histoire de ce jeune pays – et alors que les médias et journalistes locaux attendent toujours l’adoption de trois projets de loi sur la presse.
Malgré la tenue d’États généraux de la communication, l’avenir de la presse reste à la fois incertain et inquiétant au Cameroun (120ème, -23). Dans les hauteurs du classement, le Niger (43ème) perd cependant quatorze places à cause de l’irresponsabilité de quelques journalistes tentés d’abuser de la liberté qui leur est accordée. Enfin, en Tanzanie (70ème, -36), en l’espace de quatre mois, un journaliste a été tué alors qu’il couvrait une manifestation et un autre a été retrouvé mort, manifestement assassiné.
Le Burundi (132ème) ne perd que deux places mais reste très mal classé. Les convocations de journalistes ont diminué, mais l’affaire Hassan Ruvakuki, condamné à la prison à perpétuité puis à trois ans de réclusion en appel, fait peser sur la presse un climat de peur.
“Retours à la normale”
Après une terrible année 2011 marquée par la dérive dictatoriale du défunt président Bingu Wa Mutharika, une violente répression de la couverture des manifestations et l’assassinat du blogueur Robert Chasowa, le Malawi (75ème) enregistre en 2012 la plus forte progression mondiale (+71) et retrouve, à quelques places près, la position qu’il occupait en 2010. De même pour la Côte d’Ivoire (96ème, +63), où de nombreux problèmes demeurent, mais qui avait "plongé" dans le précédent classement à cause des conséquences de la crise postélectorale, de l’assassinat en 2011 d’un journaliste et d’un collaborateur des médias, et de la guerre civile qui avait secoué Abidjan en avril. Enfin, l’Ouganda (104ème) gagne trente-cinq places, à la faveur d’une année 2012 moins difficile que la précédente, mais la situation des médias est loin d’être satisfaisante. L’année s’est achevée par des menaces ouvertes proférées par le président Yoweri Museveni à l’encontre de plusieurs radios.
Des progressions encourageantes
Après une élection présidentielle qui s’est finalement déroulée dans un climat plutôt apaisé pour les médias – en dépit de quelques regrettables agressions de journalistes – et avec l’accès au pouvoir d’un Président, Macky Sall, qui a affirmé être prêt à dépénaliser les délits de presse, l’année 2012 a été celle de l’espoir pour le Sénégal (59ème, +16). Tout reste cependant à prouver en 2013, comme est venue le rappeler, en décembre, la condamnation d’un journaliste à de la prison ferme.
Au Libéria (97ème, +13), l’élection présidentielle de novembre 2011 avait été noircie par des suspensions de médias et des violences contre des journalistes. Le climat pour les médias était bien meilleur cette année. A l’été, la présidente de la République, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, est devenue la deuxième chef d’État africain, après le Nigérien Mahamadou Issoufou, à signer la Déclaration de la Montagne de la Table, s’engageant ainsi à promouvoir la liberté de la presse.
Enfin, la Namibie (19ème), le Cap-Vert (25ème), et le Ghana (30ème) restent les pays africains traditionnellement les mieux classés.
CLASSEMENT MONDIAL DE LA LIBERTÉ DE LA PRESSE 2013
Si les journalistes qui y exercent bénéficient d’une véritable liberté de ton malgré l’existence de la censure militaire, Israël (112ème, -20) chute en raison des exactions commises par l’armée israélienne dans les territoires palestiniens, désormais intégrées dans le calcul, au lieu de faire l’objet d’une catégorie répertoriée, mais séparée.
En Asie, miné par un manque de transparence et un droit d’accès à l’information quasi nul sur les sujets liés de près ou de loin à Fukushima, le Japon (53ème, -31) enregistre une forte chute qui sonne comme un avertissement. Malaisie (145ème, -23) atteint la position la plus basse qu’elle ait jamais occupée, et affiche une chute importante due à un accès à l’information de plus en plus limité. Même cas de figure au Cambodge (143ème, -26) où l’autoritarisme et la censure se renforcent. Une lourde peine de prison a été prononcée contre un doyen du journalisme. La Macédoine (116ème, -22) enregistre également une baisse de plus de vingt places, entre retraits arbitraires de licence et dégradation du climat d’exercice de la profession de journaliste.
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REPORTERS SANS FRONTIÈRES
Ambroise PIERREBureau Afrique / Africa Desk, Reporters W/o Borders
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47 rue Vivienne, 75002 Paris - France
Tel : (33) 1 44 83 84 76
Fax : (33) 1 45 23 11 51
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