The Guardian (London) Saturday May 11, 2002
NOAM CHOMSKY
The US presents itself as the peace-broker in the Middle East. The reality
is different
A year ago, the Hebrew University sociologist Baruch Kimmerling observed
that "what we feared has come true - War appears an unavoidable fate", an
"evil colonial" war. His colleague Ze'ev Sternhell noted that the Israeli
leadership was now engaged in "colonial policing, which recalls the
takeover by the white police of the poor neighbourhoods of the blacks in
South Africa during the apartheid era". Both stress the obvious: there is
no symmetry between the "ethno-national groups" in this conflict, which is
centred in territories that have been under harsh military occupation for
35 years.
The Oslo "peace process", begun in 1993, changed the modalities of the
occupation, but not the basic concept. Shortly before joining the Ehud
Barak government, historian Shlomo Ben-Ami wrote that "the Oslo agreements
were founded on a neo-colonialist basis, on a life of dependence of one on
the other forever". He soon became an architect of the US-Israel proposals
at Camp David in 2000, which kept to this condition. At the time, West
Bank Palestinians were confined to 200 scattered areas. Bill Clinton and
Israeli prime minister Barak did propose an improvement: consolidation to
three cantons, under Israeli control, virtually separated from one another
and from the fourth enclave, a small area of East Jerusalem, the centre of
Palestinian communi-cations. The fifth canton was Gaza. It is
understandable that maps are not to be found in the US mainstream. Nor is
their prototype, the Bantustan "homelands" of apartheid South Africa, ever
mentioned.
No one can seriously doubt that the US role will continue to be decisive.
It is crucial to understand what that role has been, and how it is
internally perceived. The version of the doves is presented by the editors
of the New York Times, praising President Bush's "path-breaking speech"
and the "emerging vision" he articulated. Its first element is "ending
Palestinian terrorism" immediately. Some time later comes "freezing, then
rolling back, Jewish settlements and negotiating new borders" to allow the
establishment of a Palestinian state. If Palestinian terror ends, Israelis
will be encouraged to "take the Arab League's historic offer of full peace
and recognition in exchange for an Israeli withdrawal more seriously". But
first Palestinian leaders must demonstrate that they are "legitimate
diplomatic partners".
The real world has little resemblance to this self-serving portrayal -
virtually copied from the 1980s, when the US and Israel were desperately
seeking to evade PLO offers of negotiation and political settlement. In
the real world, the primary barrier to the "emerging vision" has been, and
remains, unilateral US rejectionism. There is little new in the current
"Arab League's historic offer".
It repeats the basic terms of a security council resolution of January
1976 which called for a political settlement on the internationally
recognised borders "with appropriate arrangements ... to guarantee ... the
sovereignty, territorial integrity, and political independence of all
states in the area". This was backed by virtually the entire world,
including the Arab states and the PLO but opposed by Israel and vetoed by
the US, thereby vetoing it from history. Similar initiatives have since
been blocked by the US and mostly suppressed in public commentary.
Not surprisingly, the guiding principle of the occupation has been
incessant humiliation. Israeli plans for Palestinians have followed the
guidelines formulated by Moshe Dayan, one of the Labour leaders more
sympathetic to the Palestinian plight. Thirty years ago Dayan advised the
cabinet that Israel should make it clear to refugees that "we have no
solution, you shall continue to live like dogs, and whoever wishes may
leave". When challenged, he responded by citing Ben-Gurion, who said that
"whoever approaches the Zionist problem from a moral aspect is not a
Zionist". He could have also cited Chaim Weizmann, first president of
Israel, who held that the fate of the "several hundred thousand negroes"
in the Jewish homeland "is a matter of no consequence".
The Palestinians have long suffered torture, terror, destruction of
property, displacement and settlement, and takeover of basic resources,
crucially water. These policies have relied on decisive US support and
European acquiescence. "The Barak government is leaving Sharon's
government a surprising legacy," the Israeli press reported as the
transition took place: "the highest number of housing starts in the
territories since Ariel Sharon was minister of construction and settlement
in 1992 before the Oslo agreements" - funding provided by the American
taxpayer.
It is regularly claimed that all peace proposals have been undermined by
Arab refusal to accept the existence of Israel (the facts are quite
different), and by terrorists like Arafat who have forfeited "our trust".
How that trust may be regained is explained by Edward Walker, a Clinton
Middle East adviser: Arafat must announce that "we put our future and fate
in the hands of the US" - which has led the campaign to undermine
Palestinian rights for 30 years.
The basic problem then, as now, traces back to Washington, which has
persistently backed Israel's rejection of a political settlement in terms
of the broad international consensus. Current modifications of US
rejectionism are tactical. With plans for an attack on Iraq endangered,
the US permitted a UN resolution calling for Israeli withdrawal from the
newly-invaded territories "without delay" - meaning "as soon as possible",
secretary of state Colin Powell explained at once. Powell's arrival in
Israel was delayed to allow the Israeli Defence Force to continue its
destructive operations, facts hard to miss and confirmed by US officials.
When the current intifada broke out, Israel used US helicopters to attack
civilian targets, killing and wounding dozens of Palestinians, hardly in
self-defence. Clinton responded by arranging what the Israeli newspaper
Ha'aretz called "the largest purchase of military helicopters by the
Israeli Air Force in a decade", along with spare parts for Apache attack
helicopters. A few weeks later, Israel began to use US helicopters for
assassinations. These extended last August to the first assassination of a
political leader: Abu Ali Mustafa. That passed in silence, but the
reaction was quite different when Israeli cabinet minister Rehavam Ze'evi
was killed in retaliation. Bush is now praised for arranging the release
of Arafat from his dungeon in return for US-UK supervision of the accused
assassins of Ze'evi. It is inconceivable that there should be any effort
to punish those responsible for the Mustafa assassination.
Further contributions to enhancing terror took place last December, when
Washington again vetoed a security council resolution calling for dispatch
of international monitors. Ten days earlier, the US boycotted an
international conference in Geneva that once again concluded that the
fourth Geneva convention applies to the occupied territories, so that many
US-Israeli actions there are "grave breaches", hence serious war crimes.
As a "high contracting party", the US is obligated by solemn treaty to
prosecute those responsible for such crimes, including its own leadership.
Accordingly, all of this passes in silence.
But the US has not officially withdrawn its recognition that the
conventions apply to the occupied territories, or its censure of Israeli
violations as the "occupying power". In October 2000 the security council
reaffirmed the consensus, "call[ing] on Israel, the occupying power, to
abide scrupulously by its legal obligations..." The vote was 14-0. Clinton
abstained.
Until such matters are permitted to enter mainstream discussion in the US,
and their implications understood, it is meaningless to call for "US
engagement in the peace process", and prospects for constructive action
will remain grim.
A longer version of this article appears in Red Pepper.
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