“Attempting to apply biomedical principles to the 
classification and treatment of psychological and 
emotional distress, psychiatry it seems, 
relentlessly pursued a disease base model of 
psychological functioning without the requisite 
physiological and biochemical evidence that other 
branches of medicine medicine so fundamentally 
relied upon. In doing so, psychiatry assumed an 
axiomatic stand on the biological origins of 
psychological abnormality and committed itself to 
a fixed and inflexible framework. Psychological 
functioning according to the reflected disease, 
biological breakdown, and malfunction, and if the 
available evidence did not support the underlying 
biology, it … would reveal itself. The absence of 
evidence and the wide-scale prevalence of 
abnormality in the general population has 
seriously undermined this classification system 
but has also  raised important questions 
regarding the assumed boundaries between sanity 
and insanity and between normality and abnormality.”

Murphy,  On Human Nature, Tibayrenc, Michel, 
Ayala, Francisco, Academic Press, 2017  p 459.



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