*		Today in Black History - October 16           *

1849 - George Washington Williams is born in Bedford Springs,
	Pennsylvania. He will become the first major African 
	American historian and founder of two African American
	newspapers, "The Commoner" in Washington, DC, and 
	Cincinnati's "The Southern Review." He will become the 
	first African American elected to the Ohio State 
	Legislature, serving one term, from 1880 to 1881. In 
	1885, President Chester A. Arthur will appoint him 
	"Minister Resident and Consul General" to Haiti, but he 
	will never serve. In 1889, he will be granted an informal 
	audience with King Léopold II of Belgium. At that time, 
	the Congo Free State was the personal possession of the 
	King. In spite of the monarch’s objections, he will go to
	Central Africa to see the conditions there for himself. 
	From there, he will address "An Open Letter to His Serene 
	Majesty Léopold II, King of the Belgians and Sovereign of 
	the Independent State of Congo" from Stanley Falls on July 
	18, 1890. In this letter, he will condemn the brutal and 
	inhuman treatment the Congolese were suffering at the 
	hands of those working for the Congo Free State. He will
	mention the role played by Henry M. Stanley, sent to the 
	Congo by the King, in tricking and mistreating local 
	Congolese. He will remind the King that the crimes 
	committed were all committed in his name, making him as 
	guilty as the actual culprits. He will appeal to the 
	international community of the day to “call and create an 
	International Commission to investigate the charges herein 
	preferred in the name of Humanity ...”. Traveling back from 
	Africa, he will join the ancestors in Blackpool, England, 
	on August 2, 1891, succumbing to tuberculosis and pleurisy.
	He will be buried in Layton Cemetery, Blackpool.

1849 - Charles L. Reason is named professor of belles-lettres 
	and French at Central College in McGrawville, New York. 
	William G. Allen and George B. Vashon also will teach 
	at the predominantly white college.

1855 - More than one hundred delegates from six states hold a 
	Black convention in Philadelphia.  

1855 - John Mercer Langston, one of the first African Americans
	to win public office, is elected clerk of Brownhelm 
	Township, Lorain County, Ohio.

1859 - Osborne Perry Anderson, a free man, is one of five 
	African Americans in John Brown's raid on the United 
	States Arsenal at Harper's Ferry, West Virginia.  

1872 - South Carolina Republicans carry the election with a ticket 
	of four whites and four Blacks: Richard H. Gleaves, 
	lieutenant governor; Henry E. Hayne, secretary of state; 
	Francis L. Cardozo, treasurer; and Henry W. Purvis, adjutant 
	general. African Americans win 97 of the 158 seats in the 
	General Assembly and four of the five congressional districts.

1876 - A race riot occurs in Cainhoy, South Carolina. Five whites and 
	one African American are killed.

1895 - The National Medical Association is founded in Atlanta, 
	Georgia.

1901 - Booker T. Washington dines at the White House with President 
	Theodore Roosevelt and is criticized in the South.

1932 - Chi Eta Phi sorority is founded in Washington, DC. Aliene 
	Carrington Ewell and 11 other women establish the nursing 
	society, which will grow to 72 chapters in 22 states, the 
	District of Columbia, and Liberia and will eventually admit 
	both men and women. 

1968 - Tommie Smith and John Carlos hold up their fists in a Black 
	Power salute during the 1968 Summer Games in Mexico City, 
	Mexico. Their actions will come to symbolize the Black Power 
	movement in sports and will result in their suspension from 
	the games two days later.  

1969 - Terri Juanita Vaughn is born in San Francisco, California. She will
	become an actress, director and producer. She will be best known 
	for her role as high school secretary Lovita Alizé Jenkins-Robinson 
	in The WB sitcom "The Steve Harvey Show" (1997–2002), for which she 
	will receive three NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting 
	Actress in a Comedy Series. She will later co-star in the UPN/The 
	CW sitcom "All of Us" (2003–2005), and TBS sitcom "Meet the Browns"
	 (2009–2011). She will also has appear and produce a number of low-
	profile movies in later years. She will own a production company 
	called Nina Holiday Entertainment, that produces films such as 
	"Sugar Mommas," "A Cross to Bear" and "Girlfriends' Getaway." In 
	2016, she will make her directing debut with comedy film 
	"#DigitalLivesMatter." In 2016, she will be cast in the recurring 
	role as housekeeper in the Oprah Winfrey Network drama series, 
	"Greenleaf" opposite Keith David and Lynn Whitfield. She will 
	establish the non-profit "Take Wings Foundation," which provides 
	scholarships, mentoring and job training opportunities for young 
	women living in public housing in the San Francisco Bay Area. 

1969 - Roy Anthony Hargrove is born in Waco, Texas. He will be 
	discovered by Wynton Marsalis when Marsalis visits the Booker 
	T. Washington High School for the Performing and Visual Arts in 
	Dallas. One of his influences will be saxophonist David "Fathead" 
	Newman, who performed in Ray Charles's Band at his junior high 
	school. He will become a jazz trumpeter, getting worldwide notice 
	after winning two Grammy Awards for differing types of music, in 
	1998 and in 2002. He will primarily play in the hard bop style 
	for the majority of his albums, playing many jazz standards, 
	especially on his 1990's albums. He will be the bandleader of the 
	progressive group The RH Factor, which combines elements of jazz, 
	funk, hip-hop, soul, and gospel music. Its members will include 
	Chalmers "Spanky" Alford, Pino Palladino, James Poyser, Jonathan 
	Batiste and Bernard Wright. In 2000, he will use a jazz sound with 
	a lot of groove and funk, performing and recording with neo soul 
	singer D'Angelo, resulting in "Voodoo." He will also perform the 
	music of Louis Armstrong in Roz Nixon's musical production 
	"Dedicated To Louis Armstrong" as part of the Verizon Jazz Festival. 
	In 2002, he will collaborate with D'Angelo and Macy Gray, the 
	Soultronics, and Nile Rodgers, on two tracks for "Red Hot & Riot," a
	compilation album in tribute to the music of afrobeat pioneer Fela 
	Kuti. He will act as sideman for jazz pianist Shirley Horn and rapper 
	Common on the album "Like Water for Chocolate" and in 2002 with singer 
	Erykah Badu on "Worldwide Underground." He will join the ancestors on 
	November 2, 2018 after succumbing to cardiac arrest.

1973 - Maynard Jackson becomes the first African American mayor of a major 
	southern city when he is elected mayor of Atlanta, Georgia. At the 
	age of 35, he will become one of the youngest mayors of a major 
	city to ever be elected.

1984 - Anglican Bishop Desmond Tutu of South Africa is awarded the Nobel 
	Peace Prize for his role as a unifying figure in the campaign to 
	resolve the problems of apartheid in South Africa.

1990 - Art Blakey, jazz drummer (Jazz Messengers), joins the ancestors, 
	after a bout with cancer, at the age of 71.

1995 - Minister Louis Farrakhan of The Nation of Islam speaks at The 
	Million Man March in Washington, D.C., which he called for, and 
	organized. It is known as the "Day of Atonement."

2000 - The Million Family March, called for by Minister Louis Farrakhan, 
	is held in Washington, DC.

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