As mentioned in a previous email, the pro-raw pseudoscience frauds claim that humans are "naked apes, without tools". An additional point often included in such claims is that humans are *tropical* apes. The pseudoscience types then claim that humans have not evolved or adapted in any way to colder climates or meat eating, despite substantial supporting evidence. Here the pseudoscience types not only are ignoring evolution, but behaving like creationists. Anyway, yet another paper has been published that discusses human adaptations to cold. The full text of the article includes discussion of morphological changes, but the topic gets little attention in the abstract (below). As always, one *must* read the full text to understand the paper. Journal title: Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews Citation details: Volume 13, Issue 4 , Pages 132 - 144 Article: Pleistocene migration routes into the Americas: Human biological adaptations and environmental constraints Authors: Roberta Hall, Diana Roy, David Boling http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/109580707/ABSTRACT Abstract Theories about the routes and timing of human entry into the Americas during the Late Pleistocene usually involve models of lowered sea levels and ice-free land in Beringia, supported by locations and dates of archeological sites in Northeastern Asia and Northwestern America. Recently, paleoecological reconstructions made possible by advances in geochronology and climatology have received attention. Now morphological adaptations and environmental constraints that affect human activities and physiology need to be considered. Physical accessibility to an area, important as it is, does not alone determine a migration route. In considering any route, anthropologists need to ask: What would it have been like to live in this environment? Did it provide an amenable climate that supported human health and comfort? Between 16,000 and 11,000 cal BP, did this route provide enough food resources and enough hours of sunlight for people with an Upper Paleolithic technology to make a living? We discuss these questions and show ways in which the coastal-entry model is superior to the interior route through Beringia and an ice-free corridor. Tom Billings