* Today in Black History - November 22 * 1865 - The Mississippi legislature enacts "Black Codes" which restrict the rights and freedom of movement of the freedmen. The Black Codes enacted in Mississippi and other Southern states virtually re-enslave the freedmen. In some states, any white person could arrest any African American. In other states, minor officials could arrest African American "vagrants" and "refractory and rebellious Negroes" and force them to work on roads and levees without pay. "Servants" in South Carolina were required to work from sunrise to sunset, to be quiet and orderly and go to bed at "reasonable hours." It was a crime in Mississippi for African Americans to own farm land. In South Carolina, African Americans have to get a special license to work outside the domestic and farm laborer categories. 1871 - Louisiana Lt. Governor Oscar J. Dunn, joins the ancestors suddenly in the midst of a bitter struggle for control of the state government. Dunn aides charge that he was poisoned. 1884 - T. Thomas Fortune founds the "New York Freeman", which later becomes the "New York Age." 1884 - The Philadelphia Tribune is founded by Christopher J. Perry. 1891 - Alrutheus Ambush Taylor, teacher and historian, is born in Washington, DC. He will become Fisk University's Dean. He and other local African American historians will come under the influence of Dr. Carter G. Woodson, who spoke in Nashville on several occasions. In 1941, Taylor will publish a Tennessee study from the African American perspective. Taylor titled his study, "The Negro in Tennessee, 1865-1880." Taylor's book will go beyond slavery and cover Reconstruction history and various aspects of African American life, including business and politics. He will join the ancestors on June 4, 1954 after succumbing to a cerebral hemorrhage. 1909 - Moses Josiah Madiba is born in Uitvlucht, Pietersburg (now Polokwane) district, South Africa. He will become an author, educationist and the first African chancellor of the University of the North. He will be the first secretary of the Maune branch of the Transvaal African Teachers' Association in 1930. In 1964, he will receive the British Council Visitor's Grant which will enable him to study primary and secondary teacher training in Britain as well as the teaching of English to foreign students. He will become a lay preacher and first president of the new synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church after the merging of the Northern and Southern Transvaal synods in 1963. He will join the ancestors on January 2, 1985 in Seshego, Pietersburg district. 1927 - Grady "Fats" Jackson is born in Asheville, North Carolina. He will become a Rhythm and Blues tenor saxophonist. He will be part of the group "Tri-Sax-Ual Soul Champs" along with Sil Austin and Mark "Kaz" Kazanoff. The group's best compilation will be "Go Girl" (1990). He will join the ancestors on January 17, 1994 in Atlanta, Georgia. 1930 - The Nation of Islam is founded in Detroit, Michigan. 1942 - Guion S. Bluford, Jr. is born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He will become a aerospace engineer, a Colonel in the U.S. Air Force and fighter pilot, and NASA astronaut. He will participate in four Space Shuttle flights between 1983 and 1992. In 1983, as a member of the crew of the Orbiter Challenger on the mission STS-8, he will become the first African American in space as well as the second person of African descent in space, after Cuban cosmonaut Arnaldo Tamayo Mendez. He will be inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame in 1997, and inducted into the United States Astronaut Hall of Fame in 2010. In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante will include him on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans. 1946 - Aston Francis Barrett is born in Kingston, Jamaica. He will become a songwriter, musician (Bass guitar, guitar, keyboards, percussions), arranger and record producer. He will be often called "Family Man" or "Fams" for short. He will be one of the Barrett brothers (the other being the younger brother on drums Carlton "Carly" Barrett) who will play with Bob Marley and The Wailers, The Hippy Boys, and Lee Perry's The Upsetters. He will be the bandleader of Marley's backing band, as well as co-producer of the albums, and the man in charge of the overall song arrangements. He will continue to tour with and lead The Wailers Band. He will have great support from Marley's fan base, despite his legal wrangling with the Marley family. He will be the mentor and teacher of Robbie Shakespeare of the duo Sly & Robbie. In 2012, he will receive a Lifetime Achievement award from Bass Player magazine. 1957 - The Miles Davis Quintet debuts with a jazz concert at Carnegie Hall in New York. 1961 - Frank Robinson becomes the first baseball player to be named "Most Valuable Player" in both major leagues. 1965 - Muhammad Ali defeats Floyd Patterson. Ali, a recent convert to the Muslim faith, taunts the former champ and ends the fight in 12 rounds to win the world heavyweight title. 1966 - Michael Kenneth Williams is born in Brooklyn, New York. He will become an actor, and dancer. He will be one of the most recognized and respected artists in the television world. He will be best known for playing the roles of Omar Little on the popular HBO series ‘The Wire’ and Albert ‘Chalky’ White in HBO’s ‘Boardwalk Empire’. He will also be widely recognized due to the scar on his face. The actor will be discovered by late American rapper, Tupac Shakur, who will also introduce Michael to mainstream cinema by casting him in ‘Bullet’. Since then, the actor will play major roles in a number of television series including ‘Bullet’, ‘I Think I Love My Wife’, ‘Gone Baby Gone’, ‘Addicts’, and more. In addition to that, he will also appear in small roles in major movies like ‘The Incredible Hulk’, ‘Assassin’s Creed’, and the Academy Award winning movie ‘12 Years a Slave’. He will rise to an even higher level of fame when President Barack Obama, then a Senator, describes ‘The Wire’ as his favorite television show and describes Michael’s character ‘Omar Little’ as one of the most intriguing characters on the show. He will also be a successful choreographer and will work as a background dancer. 1968 - Daedra Janel Charles is born in Detroit, Michigan. She will become a basketball player and assistant coach at Tennessee. She will be as a member of the United States women's national basketball team that will claim the bronze medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. She will attend the University of Tennessee. She will twice help Tennessee win the NCAA Women's Championship in 1989 and 1991. She will be named to the national team invited to compete at the 1992 Olympics, held in Barcelona, Spain. The USA team will win their first three games, but then will play the Unified Team and fall, 79–73. The USA team will then face Cuba for the bronze medal. The game will be tied at halftime, and Cuba will have a small lead midway through the second half, but the USA will go on a run to retake the lead, and will finish with an 88–74 victory and the bronze medal. She will average 6.2 points per game. She will continue to represent the USA on the national team when it will compete in the 1994 World Championships in Sydney, Australia. The team will be coached by Tara VanDerveer. The team will win their early games. Against Spain, she will lead the USA scorers with 18 points, helping secure the win. She will also contribute 22 points to a win against the host team Australia. The team will then advance to the medal rounds and face Brazil. Despite 29 points from Katrina McClain, the USA will fall 110–107 when Brazil hits ten of ten free throws in the final minute. The USA will go on to defeat Australia 100–95 to claim the bronze medal. She will join the ancestors on April 14, 2018 at the age of 49 from undisclosed reasons. 1968 - A portrait of Frederick Douglass appears on the cover of Life magazine. The cover story, "Search for a Black Past," will be the first in a four-part series of stories in which the magazine examines African Americans, a review of the last 50 years of struggle and interviews with Jesse Jackson, Julian Bond, Eldridge Cleaver, Dick Gregory, and others. 1986 - 24 year-old George Branham wins the Brunswick Memorial World Open. It is the first time an African American wins a Professional Bowlers Association title. 1986 - Mike Tyson, 20 years, 4 months old, becomes the youngest to wear the world heavyweight boxing crown after knocking out Trevor Berbick in Las Vegas. 1988 - Bob Watson is named assistant general manager of the Houston Astros, the team where he began his professional career in 1965. One of a select few African American assistant general managers in the sport, Watson's spikes hang in the Baseball Hall of Fame for scoring baseball's 1,000,000th run in 1976. 1989 - Candice Rickelle Glover is born in Beaufort, South Carolina. She will become a Rhythm & Blues singer and actress who will win the twelfth season of American Idol. She will be the first winner to will audition three times before being cast for the live shows. Her debut album "Music Speaks" will be released on February 18, 2014. She will also be featured on Chadd Black's single, "Love No Fear", which will be released on February 14, 2015. She will release a mixtape with Black sometime in 2016. In January 2016, she will part ways with 19 Recordings/ Interscope. Her new album will be released independently, and she will work with Jazmine Sullivan, Chris Brown, and Drake on it. She will return to Idol for the series finale on April 7, 2016. She will perform with all the returning alumni to open the show, singing "One Voice." Later, she will perform "Joy to the World" with Melinda Doolittle. She will sing on Broadway in the show “Home For the Holidays, Live on Broadway” presented November 17 to December 30, 2017, at the August Wilson Theatre. 2016 - President Barack Obama awards the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the country's highest civilian honor, for the last time. The honorees include Diana Ross, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Michael Jordan and Cicely Tyson. ______________________________________________________________ Munirah Chronicle is edited by Mr. Rene' A. 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