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>Le "magas" de Salem, Massachusetts / The "witches"
>of Salem, Massachusetts
>
>In 1692 occurreva in Salem, Massachusetts, un episodio
>multo vergoniose in le historia del Statos Unite.
>Illo comenciava quando un gruppo de pueras subitemente
>presentava evidentia de incantamento hysteric.
>
>Dece pueras, de nove a dece-septe annos, se assemblava
>in le cocina del reverendo John Parris e ascoltava
>le historias de Tituba, un sclava qui habeva venite
>a Massachusetts de un del insulas del Mar Caribe.
>
>Tituba esseva un conversa al christianitate, mais
>ante su conversion illa habeva apprendite le secretos
>del magia del vudu traditional del cultura que la
>habeva producite.  Illa terrificava con historias
>de incantamento e homocidio iste dece pueras, cuje
>familia habeva inseniate a illas le doctrina christian
>severissime de aquelle epocha.
>
>Elizabeth Parris, le filia de un ministro puritan,
>se eveliava un nocte critante e insistente que il
>habeva in su camera alcun creaturas monstruose
>horribile.  Su familia faceva venir a illa un medico
>qui, in aquelle dias de medicina prescientific,
>diceva que un maga habeva incantate malignemente
>le povre puera.
>
>Totos de Salem deveniva hysteric post audir iste
>nova.  Postea le altere pueras qui habeva audite
>le narrationes de Tituba deveniva victimas de simile
>attaccos hysteric.
>
>Il ha habite debattos interminabile pro determinar
>si le pueras fingeva iste attaccos de incantamento
>o si illas solmente habeva delusiones de haber essite
>incantate.  Il es possibile que iste pueras comenciava
>solmente con le desiro de attrahaer a se attention
>e sympathia e que, con le tempore, illas comenciava
>creder vermente que illas esseva incantatate
>malignemente.
>
>Mais tote le gente de Salem credeva iste pueras
>e anque credeva in le Biblia, que habeva iste
>instruction:  "Tu non permittera que un maga vive."
>
>Iste circumstantias provocava le processo legal
>de tres feminas, Tituba, Goodwife Osburn, e Sara
>Good--e postea le accusation frenetic de multe
>alteres.  Post comprender le natura e extension
>de iste hysteria communitari, un del pueras, Mary
>Warren, confessava que su historias de incantamento
>esseva fingite.  Mais le altere pueras accusava
>Mary mesme de esser un maga e diceva que illas habeva
>vidite su phantasma ectoplasmic.
>
>Necuno trovava credibile lo que diceva Mary proque
>totos esseva convincite que illa habeva essite
>incantate.  Totos credeva que le demonstration de
>convulsiones hysteric per le altere pueras (qui
>se mordeva le brachios, critava, e faceva accusationes
>contra un grande serie de magas) probava lor
>accusationes.
>
>Un puera de cinque annos confessava que illa esseva
>un maga e que illa manteneva un serpente nigre como
>un spirito personal.  Iste confession ganiava pro
>illa octo menses in le carcere durissime incantenate.
>On credeva que le catensas pesante esseva necesse
>pro prevenir que illa faceva incantamentos contra
>altere personas.
>
>Le povre puera Dorcas Goode esseva le filia de Sara
>Goode, que le communitate habeva executate con Tituba
>e Goodwife Osburn post que illa habeva negate que
>illa esseva un maga.  Solmente aquellas qui negava
>esser magas esseva pendite.
>
>Eventualmente, on concedeva le libertate a tote
>le alteres que habeva confessate que illas esseva
>magas.  Un total de dece-nove personas esseva pendite
>e un, Giles Corey, de octanta annos de etate, qui
>non voleva admitter o negar su uso del magia, esseva
>gradualmente occidite per le pression incremente
>de petras que on gradualmente placiava sur un planca
>super su corpore.
>
>In septembre, 1692, iste crise habeva diminuite
>quasi completemente, e multe personas timeva que
>on habeva executate personas innocente a causa de
>iste hysteria.  Ben que le pueras continuava lor
>accusationes e convulsiones, le major parte del
>population de Salem non las credeva.
>
>Un de iste pueras, Anne Putnam, declarava que illa
>habeva facite accusationes de incantamento contra
>personas innocente, e su confession esseva
>publicamente
>legite in un del ecclesias local de Salem.
>Eventualmente, le judices e juratos involvite in
>le processo declarava publicamente que illes habeva
>errate.
>
>Illes signava un documento confessante que illes
>"habeva essite victimas de un forte delusion general."
>
>E pro un periodo de multe annos post iste triste
>episodio in nostre historia, le gente de Salem
>exprimeva su regret con un die annual de jejuno
>e penitentia.
>
>Historicos moderne ora crede que le delusiones de
>incantamento in iste pueras esseva producite per
>le intoxication de ergotismo, causate per un fungo
>in le secale que illas habeva mangiate.
>
>(Publicate in "Confluentes", vol. 2, numero 4,
>octobre-decembre 2003, p. 22)
>
>---
>
>In 1692 a very shameful episode in the history of
>the United States occurred in Salem, Massachusetts.
>It started when a group of girls suddenly presented
>evidence of being bewitched.
>
>Ten girls, from nine to seventeen years old, got
>together in the kitchen of the reverend John Parris
>and listened to the stories of Tituba, a female
>slave who had come to Massachusetts from one of
>the islands in the Caribbean Sea.
>
>Tituba was a convert to Christianity, but before
>her conversion she had learned the traditional voodoo
>magic of the culture that had produced her.  She
>terrified with stories of witchcraft and homicide
>these ten girls, whose family had taught them the
>very severe Christian doctrine of that time.
>
>Elizabeth Parris, the daughter of a Puritan minister,
>awoke one night crying and insisting that there
>were in her bed some monstrously horrible creatures.
>He family summoned to her side a physician who,
>in those days of prescientific medicine, said that
>a witch had cast an evil spell over the poor girl.
>
>Everyone in Salem became hysterical after hearing
>this piece of news.  Afterwards the other girls
>who had heard Tituba's stories became victims of
>similar hysterical attacks.
>
>There have been long ongoing debates to establish
>whether the girls were pretending to be bewitched
>or whether they were deluded into thinking they
>were under these spells.  It is possible that these
>girls started out by wanting to attract attention
>and sympathy to themselves and that, in time, they
>started really believing that they were the victims
>of evil spells.
>
>But all the people in Salem believed these girls
>and also believed in the Bible, which had this
>instruction "Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live."
>(In anglese moderne:  "You must not allow a witch
>to live." / "You musn't let witches live.")
>
>These circumstances gave rise to trials for three
>women, Tituba, Goodwife Osburn, and Sara Good--and
>afterward to hysterical accusations of many others.
>After understanding the nature and extent of this
>community hysteria, one of the girls, Mary Warren,
>confessed that she made up her stories of evil spells.
>
>The other girls, however, accused Mary herself of
>being a witch and said that they had seen her
>ectoplasmic body.
>
>No one believed what Mary said because all were
>convinced that she had been bewitched.  Everyone
>believed that the display of hysterical convulsions
>by the other girls (who bit themselves on their
>arms, cried, and made accusations against a great
>number of witches) proved their accusations.
>
>A five-year-old girl confessed that she was a witch
>and that she maintained a black snake as a personal
>spirit.  This confession earned for her an eight-month
>jail sentence under heavy chains.  People believed
>that the heavy chains were needed to keep her from
>casting spells on others.
>
>This poor girl, Dorcas Goode, was the daughter of
>Sara Goode, who had been executed by the community
>along with Tituba and Goodwife Osburn after she
>had denied she was a witch.  Only people denying
>that they were witches were hanged.
>
>Eventually, all the others confessing that they
>were witches were freed.  A total of nineteen people
>were hanged and one of them, Giles Corey, eighty
>years old, who did not want to enter a plea, was
>pressed to death.
>
>In September, 1692, this crisis had passed almost
>completely, and many people feared that they had
>executed innocent people because of this hysteria.
>Though the girls continued their accusations and
>convulsions, most of the population of Salem did
>not believe them.
>
>One of these girls, Anne Putnam, declared that she
>had falsely accused innocent people of witchcraft,
>and her confession was publicly read in one of the
>local churches of Salem.  Eventually, the judges
>and jury members involved in the trial declared
>publicly that they had erred.
>
>They signed a document confessing that they "had
>been victims of a strong general delusion."  And
>for many years after this sad episode in our history,
>the people of Salem expressed their regret with
>an annual day of fasting and penitence.
>
>Contemporary historians now believe that the delusions
>of witchcraft in these girls were produced by ergotism
>caused by a fungus in some rye that they had eaten.
>
>  
>
In Svedia on anque habeva magas, malgrado le absentia de sclavos 
refugiatos. In ille dies on credeva testes infantes qui imaginava un 
massa de cosas insan. Processos contra magas sembla ha occurrite in omne 
paises in Europa ma con varie pretextos.

In Svedia le famose medico Urban Hjärne, succedeva stoppar le 
condemnationes de allegite magas.

Kjell R