Kunta Kinteh Island and Related Sites

   - Description <http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/761/>
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   - Video <http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/761/video>
   - Indicators <http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/761/indicators/>
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Brief Description

James Island and Related Sites present a testimony to the main periods and
facets of the encounter between Africa and Europe along the River Gambia, a
continuum stretching from pre-colonial and pre-slavery times to
independence. The site is particularly significant for its relation to the
beginning of the slave trade and its abolition. It also documents early
access to the interior of Africa.

James Island and Related Sites present a testimony to the main periods and
facets of the encounter between Africa and Europe along the River Gambia, a
continuum stretching from pre-colonial and pre-slavery times to
independence. The site is particularly significant for its relation to the
beginning of the slave trade and its abolition. It also documents early
access to the interior of Africa.
* Île Kunta Kinteh et sites associés*

L’île James et les sites associés témoignent des principales époques et
aspects de la rencontre entre l’Afrique et l’Europe le long du fleuve
Gambie, un continuum qui s’étend de la période pré-coloniale et
pré-esclavagiste à l’indépendance. Ce site est d’une importance toute
particulière pour son association tant avec les débuts du commerce
d’esclaves qu’avec son abolition. Il témoigne aussi des premières voies
ouvertes vers l’intérieur de l’Afrique.
*جزيرة جيمس والمواقع المتّصلة بها*

تدلّ جزيرة جيمس والمواقع المتصلة بها على الحقبات الرئيسة وأوجه التقاء
إفريقيا وأوروبا على طول نهر غامبيا، ما يشكّل مجموعةً متواصلة تمتدّ من
الفترة التي سبقت الاستعمار والرقّ حتى الاستقلال. يرتدي هذا الموقع أهميةً
خاصة لصلته ببدايات سوق الرقيق وبإلغائه في آن، وهو يشهد أيضاً على الطرق
الأولى المؤدية إلى داخل إفريقيا.
Source: UNESCO/BPI <http://www.unesco.org/ar/home/whc/>
*詹姆斯岛及附近区域*

詹姆斯岛及附近区域位于冈比亚河(the River
Gambia)沿岸，为非洲与欧洲关系发展史提供了证据，其历史从前殖民地时代开始延续到前奴隶贸易时代，一直到冈比亚独立。这里与奴隶贸易的兴起及废除有着密切关系，同时还记录了早期伸向非洲大陆内陆的重要通道。
Source: UNESCO/ERI
*Остров Джеймс-Айленд и связанные с ним достопримечательности*

Остров Джеймс-Айленд и связанные с ним достопримечательности –
свидетельства основных периодов и аспектов африкано-европейских
взаимоотношений на территориях вдоль реки Гамбия. Этот непрерывный процесс
охватывает период от доколониальных и дорабовладельческих времен до
обретения независимости. Объект особенно значим своими связями с началом
работорговли и ее отменой. Остров и его достопримечательности также
являются документальными свидетельствами раннего этапа проникновения
европейцев вглубь Африки.

Source: UNESCO/ERI
*Isla James y sitios anejos*

La Isla James y sus sitios conexos constituyen un testimonio de las
principales épocas y facetas del encuentro entre África y Europa a lo largo
del curso del río Gambia, desde el periodo anterior al esclavismo hasta la
independencia del país, pasando por la época precolonial. El sitio posee un
especial interés histórico por ser uno de los escenarios del inicio y la
posterior abolición del comercio de esclavos, y debido a su papel de
primera vía de acceso al interior del continente africano.
Source: UNESCO/ERI<http://portal.unesco.org/es/ev.php-URL_ID=45692&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html>
*ジェームズ島と関連遺跡群 *
source: NFUAJ <http://www.unesco.jp/>
Other Languages:
English French Arabic Chinese Russian Spanish
<http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/761/gallery/> * James Island and Related
Sites © Niels Elgaard Larsen *
 <http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/761/gallery/>
Outstanding Universal Value

*Brief s**ynthesis*

Kunta Kinteh Island is a small island in the Gambia River which joins the
Atlantic Ocean. Its location in the middle of the river made it a strategic
place to control the waterway. Visited by explorers and merchants in their
search for a sea route to India it became one of the first cultural
exchange zones between Africa and Europe. By 1456 the Island had been
acquired by Portugal from local rulers and the construction of a fort began.

Kunta Kinteh Island and Related Sites form an exceptional testimony to the
different facets and phases of the African-European encounter, from the
15th to the 19th centuries. The River Gambia was particularly important
forming the first trade route to the inland of Africa. The site was already
a contact point with Arabs and Phoenicians before the arrival of the
Portuguese in the 15th century. The region forms a cultural landscape,
where the historic elements are retained in their cultural and natural
context. The properties illustrate all the main periods and facets of the
various stages of the African-European encounter from its earliest moments
in the 15th Century through the independence period.

The specific location of Kunta Kinteh Island and its Related Sites, at the
mouth of the Gambia River, is a tangible reminder of the story of the
development of the Gambia River as one of the most important waterways for
trade of all kinds from the interior to the Coast and beyond. The specific,
important role of the site in the slave trade, both in its propagation and
its conclusion, makes Kunta Kinteh Island and it Related Sites an
outstanding memory of this important, although painful, period of human
history.

The property includes Kunta Kinteh Island Fort and a series of sites
associated with the early European occupation of the African continent. The
ensemble has seven separate locations: the whole of *Kunta Kinteh Island*,
the remains of a *Portuguese Chapel*and of a colonial warehouse (*CFAO
Building*) in the village of Albreda, the *Maurel Frères Building *in the
village of Juffureh, the remains of the small Portuguese settlement of *San
Domingo*, as well as *Fort Bullen* and the *Six-Gun Battery*. Fort Bullen
and the Six-Gun Battery are at the mouth of the Gambia River, whilst Kunta
Kinteh Island and the other sites are some 30 km upstream.

The development of Kunta Kinteh Island differed greatly from the many other
forts, castles, and trading posts found in other parts of West Africa in
that the main focus of the Kunta Kinteh Island site was the control of the
hinterland and its riches rather than control of the coast and the trade
that passed along it.

The Six-Gun Battery (1816) and Fort Bullen (1826), located on both sides of
the mouth of the River Gambia came much later than Kunta Kinteh Island and
were built for the specific intent of thwarting the trade in slaves once it
had become illegal in the British Empire after the passing of the Abolition
Act in 1807. They are the only known defensive structures in the region to
have been built specifically to stop slaving interests. The other
fortifications of the region (including Kunta Kinteh Island), were
constructed as a means of enhancing and controlling the trade in slaves
(and commodities) rather than stopping it. These two military positions
allowed the British to take full control of the River Gambia, eventually
paving the way for the establishment of colonial government, a period
well-illustrated by many colonial buildings in Banjul and the Governor’s
Rest House at Fort Bullen. Finally, Fort Bullen shows evidence of its
re-use during the Second World War (1939-1945) as a strategic observatory
and artillery post. This later period illustrates yet another European
rivalry that spread to the African continent.

* *

*Criterion (iii): *Kunta Kinteh Island and related sites on the River
Gambia provide an exceptional testimony to the different facets of the
African-European encounter, from the 15th to 20th centuries. The river
formed the first trade route to the inland of Africa, being also related to
the slave trade.



*Criterion (vi): *Kunta Kinteh Island and related sites, the villages,
remains of European settlements, the forts and the batteries, were directly
and tangibly associated with the beginning and the conclusion of the slave
trade, retaining its memory related to the African Diaspora.



*Integrity*

The six parts of the serial nomination together present a testimony to the
main periods and facets of the Afro-European encounter along the River
Gambia, a continuum that stretched from pre-colonial and pre-slavery times
to the period of independence and in particular to the beginning and the
abolition of the slave trade, as well as documenting the functions of the
early access route to the inland of Africa. The six sites encompass all the
key remains.

All the sites except the *CFAO* and *Maurel Frères Buildings* are ruins.
The *CFAO Building* has been restored and provided with adequate sea
defence. The *Maurel Frères Building* was restored in 1996 and is in a good
state of conservation. The Portuguese chapel and San Domingo are in a state
of ruins, but these have been stabilized, with the most endangered parts
reinforced during 2000.

The isolated position of Kunta Kinteh Island in the river has conserved its
setting to the present day. Fort Bullen is also bordered by the river on
one side and a large open tract of land on the other, naturally serving as
a buffer zone and helping to preserve its setting. It is in a relatively
good state of conservation, though the wall on the seaward side is
suffering from sea erosion. Parts have collapsed and 20 metres were rebuilt
in 2000. The Six-Gun Battery is in a good state of conservation. The ruined
sites need on-going maintenance if they are not to deteriorate over time.



*Authenticity*

Kunta Kinteh Island Fort was subject to destruction on numerous occasions.
Since the last time by the French, in 1779, it has remained a ruin with
only minor attempt at consolidation and minimizing the effects of sea
erosion. The Island is a landmark for all concerned with the slave trade,
especially the local community and Africans in the Diaspora. Apart from a
short period of re-use during the Second World War, Fort Bullen and the
Six-Gun Battery were similarly abandoned in the late 19th century. At San
Domingo there are very few visible remains, but the area has considerable
potential for archaeological research. The ruins that convey the
Outstanding Universal Value are extremely vulnerable to erosion. At the
time of inscription the ruined sites were seen to be part of a wider
cultural landscape that needed protection in order to protect the setting
of the sites and to allow them to be understood.



*Protection and management requirements *

Kunta Kinteh Island, Fort Bullen and all the significant historic buildings
in the Albreda-Juffureh complex are legally protected as National Monuments
(1995) under the National Council for Arts and Culture Act, 1989 (revised
2003). The proclamation instrument also establishes a buffer zone for all
the sites that should be kept free of incompatible developments with
adverse effects on their setting. As National Monuments the historic
structures are under the custodianship of the National Centre for Arts and
Culture (NCAC) who are responsible for their conservation and upkeep. Day
to day management rests with the Directorate of Cultural Heritage of the
NCAC, who employ site attendants and caretakers. The Six-Gun Battery is
located within the State House grounds and is protected by the Office of
the President. The sites also have a 5-year management plan that sets out
what is acceptable at the individual sites and at national level. This plan
was prepared as a result of the joint effort of ten different national and
local organisations, supported by the Africa 2009 programme.

The financial resources required for the management and maintenance of the
sites are relatively scarce, and come mainly from entrance fees. Every
three months, the Head of the Museums and Monuments section of the NCAC
performs a physical inspection of the sites. This condition assessment is
carried out with a representative of the local stakeholders and, if
possible, with a local guide. A brief report is prepared after each visit
and these are summarized in an annual report.

Since 1996 the Gambia Government, through its Department of State for
Tourism and Culture, has instituted an annual event called the
‘International Roots Homecoming Festival’. Considered to be a “heritage
week”, the main aim is to attract visitors from the African Diaspora. The
festival usually devotes a daylong spiritual pilgrimage to Kunta Kinteh
Island and the Albreda-Juffureh area. To the visitors the property has
symbolic and emotional significance, as a visit to Kunta Kinteh Island is a
pilgrimage to their roots. As a piece of historical evidence, much can be
learnt from the Island, and it already forms part of the history and social
studies syllabus in Gambian schools.

The property contains very fragile ruins that need to be protected and
conserved as the tangible elements that convey Outstanding Universal Value.
There needs to be ongoing maintenance monitoring and conservation to allow
these ruins to have the best chance of survival and be robust enough to
withstand the onslaughts of nature.
Long Description

James Island and the related sites on the Gambia River provide exceptional
testimony to the different facets of the African-European encounter, from
the 15th to the 20th centuries. The river formed the first trade route into
the interior of Africa and became an early corridor for the slave trade.
The sites were directly and tangibly associated with the beginning and the
conclusion of the slave trade, retaining its memory related to the African
diaspora.

The property consists of seven separate sites: the whole of James Island,
the remains of a Portuguese chapel and a colonial warehouse in the village
of Albreda, the Maurel Frères Building in the village of Juffureh, the
remains of a small Portuguese settlement of San Domingo, as well as Fort
Bullen and the Six-Gun Battery, which are located in three different
districts in Gambia. Fort Bullen and the Battery are at the mouth of the
Gambia River, while James Island and the other sites are some 30 km
upstream. Albreda, Juffureh and San Domingo are contained within a large
buffer zone, which stretches 12 km along the coastline of the Gambia River,
extending some 500 m inland from the high-water line. James Island is a
small island (0.3 ha) in the middle of the Gambia River, which made it a
strategic place from which to control the waterway.

The original structures comprise the fort itself, the slave house, the
governor's kitchen, the blacksmith's shop and a store, all now in ruins.
The fort is situated in the middle of this low island and is vulnerable to
flooding by the tidal waters. Albreda, a Mandingo village on the north bank
of the river, is surrounded by agricultural land and is part of the buffer
zone, but it contains two buildings that are included in the inscription.
The chapel, built by the Portuguese in the late 15th century, is in ruins.
Just 30 m to the west of the chapel is a free-standing wall, which is
contemporaneous with the church. The Compagnie Française d'Afrique
Occidentale Building, at the water's edge near the wharf, is a two-storey
building with an adjacent warehouse. The ground floor served as a shop and
store for goods and the top floor as a residence.

Juffureh, a typical Mandingo village, consists of traditional buildings,
family compounds surrounded by woven fences, and small public open spaces.
The Maurel Frères Building was constructed around 1840 by the British and
was later used as a warehouse by a Lebanese trader named Maurel. Now it is
a small museum on the Atlantic Slave Trade in the Senegambia.

San Domingo, 1 km east of Albreda, was a colonial settlement first
established by the Portuguese in the late 15th century. It used to contain
gardens, a church, a cemetery, and a well; today only ruins of a small
house remain, built from lateritic stone and lime mortar. Close by there
are remains of the former English settlement of Jillifree.

Six-Gun Battery was completed in 1821 in Bathurst, founded in 1816, now
Banjul, on Saint Mary Island. The Battery consists of six 24-pounder guns,
installed on rails, and protected by a large parapet made from stone and
lime mortar. Fort Bullen is at the end of Barra Point, opposite the city of
Banjul, on the north bank of the river at the point where it meets the
ocean. The fort is protected from the sea by a defensive wall of stone and
boulders. The site is close to the Banjul-Barra ferry landing. The fort
buildings include the Old Rest House built from mud, the residence of the
Travelling Commissioner of the colonial administration at the beginning of
the century.

The area of the Gambia River has long been inhabited. The territory was
under the rule of the Kingdom of Kaabu, an offshoot of the Mali Empire
(*c*. 1200-1867), and the Jollof Kingdom (
*c* . 1300-1500). Kaabu played an important role in Atlantic-oriented trade
before Europeans arrived, being in contact with the Phoenicians and
Carthaginians, as well as the Arabs (from 1000 CE). The Portuguese reached
the Senegambia between 1446 and 1456, when searching for the sea route to
India. In the 16th century, English ships ventured into the Gambia region,
and by the end of the century the Dutch also arrived. Slaves became another
trading item, especially in the 18th century, until slavery was abolished.
Source: UNESCO/CLT/WHC Historical Description [in French only]

La région du fleuve Gambie est depuis longtemps habitée, comme en attestent
par exemple les anciens cercles de pierre et monticules funéraires (mbanar)
connus dans les empires du Ghana, du Mali et de Songhai. Le territoire
était sous la férule du royaume de Kaabu, une émanation de l'empire du Mali
(vers 1200-1867), et de l'empire Jollof (vers 1300-1500). Kaabu jouait un
rôle important dans le commerce vers l'Atlantique avant l'arrivée des
Européens, car il était en contact avec les Phéniciens et les Carthaginois,
ainsi que les Arabes (à partir de 1000 apr. J.- C.). Les Portugais
atteignirent la Sénégambie entre 1446 et 1456, alors qu'ils cherchaient la
route maritime vers l'Inde. En 1482, ils construisirent le fort São Jorge
da Mina (Elmina) sur la Côte d'Or (aujourd'hui le Ghana). Au XVIe siècle,
des navires britanniques s'aventurèrent dans la région de la Gambie, suivis
à la fin du siècle par les Hollandais. Les esclaves devinrent un autre
objet de négoce, le commerce du « bois d'ébène » battant son plein au
XVIIIe siècle, jusqu'à l'abolition de l'esclavage en Grande-Bretagne et aux
États-Unis en 1807, puis dans les colonies françaises en 1848.

Avec le fleuve Gambie permettant d'accéder à l'intérieur des terres, les
zones côtières devinrent la principale frontière d'acculturation. Kaabu
conserva sa religion traditionnelle, barrant la route à l'Islam jusqu'au
XIXe siècle. Les Portugais établirent le contact avec la population
indigène, les Niuminkas, initiant une période de commerce et de relations
interculturelles qui, au fil des cinq siècles suivants, modifièrent
considérablement le visage de la Gambie. Le fleuve Gambie étant l'un des
fleuves les plus aisément navigables d'Afrique, il présentait aussi
l'avantage particulier de permettre d'accéder au vaste arrière-pays. L'île
James et les peuplements associés abritent les témoignages physiques des
principaux peuplements marchands européens du XVe au XIXe siècle et de la
rencontre entre l'Europe et l'Afrique.

L'île James servait de lieu de repos aux pêcheurs longtemps avant l'arrivée
des Européens. Ses souverains héréditaires étaient et sont toujours des
Niuminkas, auxquels elle fut rachetée par une compagnie du duché de
Courlande (aujourd'hui Lettonie), qui commença la construction du premier
fort en 1651. Elle fut reprise par les Britanniques, qui la baptisèrent île
James, du nom du duc d'York. Le fort fut détruit et reconstruit à plusieurs
reprises, passant de mains en mains entre les Britanniques, les Français,
les Hollandais, mais aussi des pirates et des mutins. En 1815, l'île James
fut abandonnée et est depuis demeurée en ruines.

San Domingo, à l'est du village de Juffureh, est le premier peuplement
portugais de la région. Il fournissait l'île James en eau potable ; c'est
aussi là que les marchands européens rencontraient leurs homologues
africains. Albréda, probablement un autre peuplement portugais, fut loué
aux marchands français en 1681. Il devint l'emplacement du comptoir
français en Gambie. Albréda et San Domingo étaient les principaux comptoirs
marchands du royaume de Niumi et le « destination finale », vers l'ouest,
des longues routes marchandes venues de l'intérieur des terres. À la
demande des Anglais, les Français abandonnèrent le site en 1857 mais
revinrent, comme le montrent les vestiges des bâtiments de deux compagnies
marchandes françaises, Maurel Frères et CFAO. Juffureh est le village des
marchands mandingues, le lieu où les Britanniques faisaient leurs affaires
et depuis lequel ils gouvernaient la région.

La batterie à six canons (1816) et le Fort Bullen (1826), situés des deux
côtés de l'embouchure de la Gambie, furent construits dans l'intention
d'éliminer le commerce des esclaves une fois celui-ci déclaré illégal dans
l'empire britannique, après l'adoption de la loi d'abolition en 1807. Les
sites furent abandonnés en 1870. Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale,
l'armée britannique réutilisa le fort Bullen comme observatoire et base
d'artillerie pour se protéger contre une éventuelle attaque des Français,
qui contrôlaient le Sénégal. Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le fort fut
à nouveau abandonné.
Source: Advisory Body Evaluation
Media

   - Kunta Kinteh Island and Related Sites
(UNESCO/NHK)<http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/761/video>

Activities

   - Slave Routes <http://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/712/>

*Gambia* <http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/gm>
Lower Niumi and Upper Niumi districts
and Banjul Municipality
N13 18 58.2 W16 21 25.9
*Date of Inscription:* 2003
*Criteria: *(iii)(vi) <http://whc.unesco.org/en/criteria/>
*Property :* 7.60 ha
*Buffer zone:* 300 ha
*Ref:* 761rev





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Become a Partner <http://whc.unesco.org/en/become-partner/>
What Partners Do <http://whc.unesco.org/en/rolepartenaires/>
Our Partners <http://whc.unesco.org/en/partners/>

*Activities* <http://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/>
All our activities <http://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/>
Volunteer <http://whc.unesco.org/en/volunteer/>
Group Tools <http://whc.unesco.org/en/281/>

*Publications* <http://whc.unesco.org/en/publications/>
World Heritage Review <http://whc.unesco.org/en/review/>
Series <http://whc.unesco.org/en/series/>
Resource Manuals <http://whc.unesco.org/en/resourcemanuals/>
World Heritage wall map <http://whc.unesco.org/en/map/>
More publications ... <http://whc.unesco.org/en/publications/>

*Funding* <http://whc.unesco.org/en/funding/>
World Heritage Fund <http://whc.unesco.org/en/world-heritage-fund/>
International Assistance <http://whc.unesco.org/en/intassistance>

*More* <http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/761#>
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*Donate Now!* <http://whc.unesco.org/en/donation/>

© UNESCO World Heritage Centre 1992-2013
<http://whc.unesco.org/en/disclaimer/>
United Nations


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