* Today in Black History - November 2 *
1875 - Southern Democrats suppress the African American vote by
fraud and violence and carry Mississippi elections.
"The Mississippi Plan" staged riots, political
assassinations, massacres and social and economic
intimidation will be used later to overthrow
Reconstruction governments in South Carolina and
Louisiana.
1903 - Business and civic leader, Maggie Lena Walker, opens
the St. Luke Penny Savings Bank in Richmond, Virginia,
becoming the first female bank president in the United
States.
1930 - Ras Tafari Makonnen is crowned Negus of Ethiopia, taking
the name Haile Selassie I, 225th Emperor of Solomonic
Dynasty. His coronation will signify to thousands of
Jamaicans and Garveyites in the United States, the
fulfillment of the prophecy of their leader, Marcus
Garvey.
1937 - Earl "Speedo" Carroll is born in New York City, New York.
He will become a doo-wop Rhythm & Blues singer. He will be
the lead vocalist of the doo-wop group The Cadillacs. The
group's biggest hit will be "Speedoo", Carroll's subsequent
nickname. It will be released in 1955. He will join The
Coasters in 1961, leaving the group in the early 1990s to
permanently reform The Cadillacs. In 1982, he will take a
job as a custodian at the PS 87 elementary school in New
York City and work there until retiring in 2005. A popular
figure with the students, he will be chosen to be the
subject of a children's book, That's Our Custodian, by Ann
Morris (Brookfield, Connecticut: Millbrook Press). The
publicity will help him to revive his career. He will
become a mainstay of the PBS series honoring doo wop,
hosted by Jerry Butler and will continue performing until
the early 2010s when deteriorating health will force him
to retire. He will join the ancestors on November 25, 2012
succumbing to complications from a stroke and diabetes.
1954 - Charles C. Diggs becomes the first African American
representative to Congress from Michigan. He, along with
William Dawson of Illinois and Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. of
New York, comprise the largest number of African Americans
to date in Congress in the 20th century. Diggs will leave
Congress in 1980 after being convicted of mail fraud and
being censured by Congress.
1954 - NAACP's Spingarn Medal is presented to Dr. Theodore K.
Lawles for his research on skin-related diseases.
1958 - Willie Dean McGee is born in San Francisco, California. He
will become a professional baseball player, who will win
two batting titles and be named Major League Baseball's
1985 National League MVP. He will primarily play center
and right field, and will win three Gold Glove Awards for
defensive excellence. He will spend the majority of his
18-year career playing for the St. Louis Cardinals, and
will help the Cardinals win the 1982 World Series with his
outstanding performance in Game 3 of that series. A four-
time All-Star, he will accumulate 2,254 hits during his
career. He will retire from major league baseball in 1999.
On March 6, 2013 the St. Louis Cardinals will announce
that he will be hired as Special Assistant to General
Manager John Mozeliak. His role as Special Assistant will
include working with outfielders in the Cardinals' minor
league system as well as monitoring the organization's minor
league players, then reporting on their status directly to
to the General Manager. On August 16, 2014, he will be
inducted into the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame.
1959 - Mark Eric May is born in Oneonta, New York. He will become a
professional football player who will be an offensive lineman
in the National Football League (NFL) for 13 seasons during
the 1980s and 1990s. He will play college football for the
University of Pittsburgh and earn All-American honors. The
Washington Redskins will draft him with the 20th pick of the
first round of the 1981 NFL Draft, and he will play guard
for the Redskins from 1981 to 1990. He will be a member of
the famed "Hogs" offensive line, which will be instrumental
in the Redskins' victories in Super Bowl XVII and XXII
(though he was injured for Super Bowl XVII). He will be
named one of the 70 greatest Redskins of all time. He will
start 115 games for the Redskins. He will miss the 1990
season due to a knee injury. Following his tenure with the
Redskins, he will become a Plan B free agent. He will sign
with the San Diego Chargers, playing as Dave Richards'
backup during the 1991 season. He will later play for the
Phoenix Cardinals (1992–93) before his retirement in 1993.
After he retires aas a player, he will work in broadcasting
for TNT, CBS Sports and in 2001 work for ESPN, serving with
the organization for 16 years.
1971 - Steven Aaron Jordan is born in Buffalo, New York. He will become
a DJ, record producer, and television personality, known
professionally as Stevie J. One of the most successful record
producers of the mid-to-late 1990s, he will win a 1997 Grammy
Award for his work on Puff Daddy's debut album No Way Out and
will produce for a number of artists including Mariah Carey,
Tevin Campbell, The Notorious B.I.G., 112, Jodeci, Faith Evans,
Jay-Z, and Eve. He will first rise to fame as a member of Bad
Boy Records' "Hitmen" roster of in-house producers and writers
during the 1990s. He will work often with label owner Sean
"Puffy" Combs, producing on several Bad Boy projects, such as
the self-titled debut album of R&B quartet 112. He will produce
their lead single "Only You" featuring The Notorious B.I.G..
He will produce several records on Notorious B.I.G.'s Life After
Death album, such as "Mo Money Mo Problems", "Nasty Boy",
"Notorious Thugs" (featuring Bone Thugs-N-Harmony), "Another",
"You're Nobody (Til Somebody Kills You)", and "Last Day". He will
go on to win a Grammy Award for production work on Combs' No Way
Out album, most notably the Notorious B.I.G. tribute song, I'll
Be Missing You. Outside of his association with Bad Boy, he will
also produce for artists including Mariah Carey, with whom he will
be nominated for a Grammy Award for the contribution on her album
Butterfly (1997). From the album, he will produce songs like
"Honey" (the album's lead single), "Breakdown" (featuring Bone
Thugs-n-Harmony), "Babydoll", and for Carey's #1's (1998) "I Still
Believe" and "Theme from Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going
To)". In the summer of 1997, three of the aforementioned Stevie
J-produced records (I'll Be Missing You, Mo Money Mo Problems,
and Honey) will top the Billboard Hot 100 consecutively from the
chart weeks of June 14 through September 27, 1997. He will also
produce for Beyoncé, Jay-Z, Brian McKnight, Ma$e, Lil' Kim,
Deborah Cox, Simbi Khali, Tamia and Tevin Campbell. He will also
co-write the 2001 hit single "Let Me Blow Ya Mind" for Eve.
1974 - Albert Johnson is born in Hempstead, Long Isand, New York. He
will be known by his stage name Prodigy and become a rapper,
author, and entrepreneur who, with Havoc, will be one half
of the hip hop duo Mobb Deep. From 1995 to 1997, the media-
fueled "East Coast-West Coast hip hop rivalry" will occur.
This "beef" will start when Tha Dogg Pound released "New
York, New York," to which Mobb Deep will take offense as, in
addition to the lyrics, the song's music video will portray
New York buildings being stomped on by Dogg Pound members.
In response, Mobb Deep with Capone-N-Noreaga and Tragedy
Khadafi will release "LA, LA". 2Pac "dissed" Mobb Deep (along
with The Notorious B.I.G.) in "Hit 'Em Up" where, in the
outro of the song, he will make a remark in clear reference
to Prodigy's ailment in having sickle cell anemia. Mobb Deep
will respond in a track called "Drop A Gem On 'Em" which will
be released as a single 2 weeks before 2Pac is murdered. 2Pac
also dissed Mobb Deep on the song "Against All Odds" and
"Bomb First (My Second Reply)" which will be released after
his death. But Prodigy later will sample 2Pac's voice from a
freestyle for the chorus on the song "Return of the Mac"
(a.k.a. "New York Shit") on his album with the same name. On
June 20, 2017, Prodigy will join the ancestors at the Spring
Valley Medical Center in Las Vegas, Nevada, while hospitalized
for complications related to his sickle-cell anemia.
1974 - Timothy Christian Riley is born in Arcadia, California. He will
become one of the original members of the soul/Rhythm & Blues
group, "Tony! Toni! Toné!". Founded in Oakland, California
and popular during the late 1980s and early to mid-1990s, the
group was composed of D'wayne Wiggins on lead vocals and guitar,
his brother Raphael Saadiq (born Charles Ray Wiggins) on lead
vocals and bass, and their cousin Timothy Christian Riley on
drums and keyboards. After their debut album Who? in 1988,
followed by The Revival in 1990, the group will achieve their
greatest commercial success with the double platinum certified
Sons of Soul in 1993. Tony! Toni! Toné! will disband after the
release of their fourth album House of Music (1996), which
critics will cite as their greatest work. After leaving the
group, Riley will become an actor and assistant director,
known for A Dark Place (2012), The Big Production (2007) and
Prodigal (2008).
1974 - Cornell Iral Haynes Jr. is born in Austin, Texas. Professionally
known as Nelly, he will become a rapper, singer, songwriter,
entrepreneur, investor, and occasional actor. He will embark on
his music career with Midwest hip hop group St. Lunatics, in 1993
and sign to Universal Records in 1999. Under Universal, he will
begin his solo career in the year 2000, with his debut album
Country Grammar, of which the featured title-track and the single
"Ride wit Me" will be top ten hits. The album will debut at number
three on the Billboard 200 and go on to peak at number one.
Country Grammar will be his best-selling album to date, selling
over 8.4 million copies in the United States. His following album
Nellyville, will produce the number-one hits "Hot in Herre" and
"Dilemma" (featuring Kelly Rowland). Other singles will include
"Work It" (featuring Justin Timberlake), "Air Force Ones"
(featuring Murphy Lee and St. Lunatics), "Pimp Juice" and "#1".
With the same-day dual release of Sweat, Suit (2004) and the
compilation Sweatsuit (2006), he will continue to generate many
chart-topping hits. Sweat will debut at number two on the US
Billboard 200 chart, selling 342,000 copies in its first week.
On the same week of release, Suit will debut at number one,
selling around 396,000 copies in its first week on the same chart.
His fifth studio album, Brass Knuckles, will be released on
September 16, 2008, after several delays. It will produce the
singles "Party People" (featuring Fergie), "Stepped on My J'z"
(featuring Jermaine Dupri and Ciara) and "Body on Me" (featuring
Akon and Ashanti). In 2010, he will release the album 5.0. The
lead single, "Just a Dream", will be certified triple platinum
in the United States. It will also include the singles "Move
That Body" (featuring T-Pain and Akon) and "Gone" (a sequel to
the 2002 single "Dilemma" in collaboration with Kelly Rowland).
He will win Grammy Awards in 2003 and 2004 and have a supporting
role in the 2005 remake film The Longest Yard with Adam Sandler
and Chris Rock. He will have two clothing lines, Vokal and Apple
Bottoms. He will be referred to by Peter Shapiro as "one of the
biggest stars of the new millennium", and the RIAA ranks him as
the fourth best-selling rap artist in American music history,
with 21 million albums sold in the United States. On December 11,
2009, Billboard will rank him the number three Top Artist of the
Decade.
1979 - Black activist Joanne Chesimard escapes from a New Jersey
prison, where she was serving a life sentence for the 1973
slaying of a New Jersey state trooper. Chesimard, who takes
the name Assata Shakur successfully flees the United States
to Cuba.
1982 - Katie B. Hall is elected the first African American
congressional representative from Indiana.
1983 - President Ronald Reagan signs a bill to establish a
federal holiday in honor of Dr. Martin Luther King,
Jr.'s birthday on the third Monday in January. It is
the culmination of the efforts by many civil rights
organizations and entertainers to name King's birthday
as a national holiday.
2018 - Roy Hargrove, jazz trumpeter, joins the ancestors after succumbing
to cardiac arrest.
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